Human Evolution and Genetic Adaptation

This is an iHeart Podcast. Guaranteed human . This July 4th, come celebrate at America's Block Party, hosted by America 250. America's Block Party is a can't miss 4th of July concert happening at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. Experience music performances from major artists, patriotic tributes, and the kickoff to Giving Forth. Helping to make July 4th the largest day of giving in American history. It's more than just fireworks . Learn more about this landmark celebration at America250.org. Airtasker helps you check off your to-do list. I need the wasp nest gone. House cleaned, and my dog taken to his overpriced haircut. Go to airtasker.com or download the app. Airtasker, get anything done. You know that pile of clothes you've been meaning to deal with? Yeah, same. That's why I love trashy . It's the easiest way to clean out your closet, send your clothes somewhere better, and actually get rewarded for it. No more letting things sit around or wondering what to do with them. 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Broadcasting live from the Abraham Lincoln Radio Stud io, the George Washington Broadcast Center, Jack Armstrong and Joe Getty . Armstrong and Getty . And now he is Armstr ong and Getty . You can hear this in the background. The attacks here in Keep Ukraine stopped at about 7 a.m. this morning. It's now uh close to 1 p.m. and the attacks have started again. Um Okay, we can go get cover. You can hear uh you can hear the drones above. That's a report from Kiev where they've been under attack for like twenty-four hours. And uh I was thinking last night, I was trying to imagine because I was watching some of the videos to live in, 'cause K Kiv Kyiv looks like whatever city you've been to. I mean it just it looks all a lot of these towns in Ukraine do. Just imagine if all of a sudden you heard whistling and then a rocket hits the library or whatever. And that's just your life. It's so hard as an American to wrap your head around that. Yeah, the apartment building you live, five apartments just got taken out So crazy. Yeah. Anyway. Brutal. Um I wasn't gonna talk electoral politics because we've talked a lot of that today on this voting day, but uh one interesting thing is that you ought to be aware of if you haven't caught on to this, it's almost all Democrats and lefty pundits that are beaten up on this Platinum Platinum guy now trying to drive him out of the race. Yeah. Because they realize he is a uh tainted goods and he's gonna cause them to lose. And so they want him out of the race. Uh because CNN , um uh New York Times, I mean they're just killing the guy now over his Nazi tattoo and sexting and all this different sort of stuff. Yeah, yeah. Hey, back to Ukraine just for a second. I thought it was super interesting this piece in the Washington Post that uh pressure is mounting on Putin over how to end the war because their offensive is stalled, they're running out of guys, blah blah blah. Um financial resources are dwindling in um Russian officials have issued increasingly shrill threats to intensify bombings of Kyiv and are making more and more aggressive moves toward other countries in Europe. They're thinking Putin's desperate and about to do Wow, as we go back and forth here, we're doing the weave like Trump does. Back to Plattner. Um he's the you know oyster fisherman guy, hardworking regular dude who went to a super, super fancy boarding school as a kid. Um here's a uh black progressive pundit on CNN. We've lost the plot on authenticity. To think Graham Platiner is cosplaying working class he wears it like a Halloween costume that has been placed on him by the same people who have who have run a lot of progressive people out of the race and blah blah blah blah blah. So yeah, he's getting attacked by his own crowd because he's they know there's more bad stuff to come out before before they do their voting, which I think is next week . Anywho, saw this headline up on CBS this morning. Didn't actually grab the story, but just saw some of the uh details around it. What's behind the declean and d ? Declean? I guess it's kind of a word. You can clean and declean. I guess messing something up would be decleaning it. The judges will allow it . What's behind the decline in teen summer jobs? A very tight teen summer job market . Okay, go ahead. Uh there's lots of things, um, including a whole bunch of you who think it's awful for teens to get jobs and have put all kinds of uh restrictions and in place. Then we got the whole liability law thing, which has made it very, very hard and all kinds of different jobs that used to exist when we were kids, they all went away. Arti ficially high minimum wages. That one did it. Some sixteen year old with no work experience isn't worth what you've said is the bottom wage that can be paid. So they will be paid nothing. Thanks for helping. My sixteen year old has applied for a couple of jobs, including I'm hoping he gets one at a well known coffee company that's not far from me, and it'd be very easy for him to get to and back on a regular basis. But uh yeah, that's a good point . In theory they'll hire you with no experience whatsoever and all that, but I don't know. What do you what do you d how much do you think it hurts him being a white male applying to big corporations like that? I don't know these days. I don't know either. It doesn't help, certainly, but it's not a stroke in your favor. No. You know, the uh the uh New York Post slash California Post the other day um printed the story that you probably haven't heard. We I think we touched on it briefly here, but uh Carl Jr. is shutting down nearly fifty California stores over the state's staggering minimum wage, as they put it. Um, it just doesn't make sense to stay in business anymore. So shut them down. And all of those people are losing their jobs . How many ? Uh almost fifty. Wow . Uh yeah. How come they haven't gone? How come they haven't gone with the uh touch screen that they're doing at McDonald's? I don't know. I mean, this is fifty restaurants, not three hundred and fifty. Uh but this franchise owner has had to declare bankruptcy, and you know, I don't know the particulars of it, but um they go into the research done by UCLA and other places that um the minimum wage hike has caught cost the fast food sector 18,000 jobs just since April 24 when it went into uh effect uh representing a three and a half ish uh percent decline in the sector compared to fast food sectors in other parts of the country. Eighteen thousand people out of work. I don't know how old you have to be to work at to like Burger King or Carls Jr. or whatever, but uh all the various things, including the minimum wage, you're definitely right about that one that we've done to stop teenagers from having jobs. It seems so opposite of Of all that we talk about regular in the regularly in the modern world about young people and their uh lack of maturity and not understanding this or that, and then we've made it impossible for them to get jobs, which is one of the greatest schools you could ever go to is having a job. Oh that's well said. I think part of it is the whole and I'd love to blame Obama for this, but I think he was, you know, he was much as much a reflector of this as a leader of it . But the attitude that everybody has to go to college, the only dignified path in life is to get an undergraduate degree and then go sit in a cubicle and or or whatever. Um and that uh working with your hands was uh somehow embarrassing. The trades were embarrassing, kids getting summer jobs and flipping burgers was somehow exploitive as opposed to a great blanking opportunity which, is how I looked at it, trust me. Yeah. And it just this demonization of anything but modern university shallow intellectualism, anything else is invalid . It's an ugly, embarrassing life. Boy, both my kids had just been dying to reach the age where they could go out and make some money and have some money in their pocket. Yeah. Yeah. And I I saw one of my nieces in particular . Her maturity over a year once she entered the work place was absolutely amazing. Not surprising, but amazing. Can you break down matur ity more for us? Oh boy, in the way that I mean it. Well sh one went from like talking to a kid like to talking to a grown up somehow through the experience of dealing with other grown-ups all the time, I guess. But just uh the topics that would come up about money and all this sort of you know, the the understanding the value of money, how much does that change when you get a job? You know, your parents giving you fifty bucks or whatever they give you to go eat with your friends, uh or or something, uh takes on a whole new meaning when you realize how long it takes you to make fifty bucks. Right, right. Yeah, money becomes a question of time. Yeah. Yeah, that's true. Uh I I'd imagine it makes uh well, and I know this from experience, it makes people more realist than idealist than they were. My brother was talking we were talking I was talking to my brother the other day about how the first time his daughter, who's now in her mid-20s, uh got a paycheck and it's like, wait a second, how come I'm only getting this much? You know, because you've never had the whole everything taken out before. Well, there's taxes and then there's the social security thing and then there's this and that and there's little for insurance and then there's a bunch of fees you don't know what they are, paying off the war of eighteen twelve or whatever. And they took that out of your check too. Yeah, yeah. Uh well somebody's gotta pay for it, uh eventually. And I've I'm kind of just noodling through this thought. You've got your entire practically education system, especially universities, demonizing capitalism. It's a force for evil. It's exploitive of workers. You do you go into work for In N Out Burger or Carl Jr. I was a caddy among other things, bus boy half a dozen different things. Um that's not opportunity , that's exploitation . And we're, you know, on the fifteenth topic of the month, uh seeing the fruits of those attitudes being implanted in kids. Um we're hearing them express them now as adults that no, this is not an opportunity, it's exploitation. And so we've got to raise the minimum wage at Carl Jr. uh much, much higher. And and they don't care what the outcome is. just They care about how espousing that policy makes them look. If it makes them look no ble. Never mind the eighteen thousand people who now don't have a job, or or, you know, they don't even get into the number of uh folks who've had their hours cut back. That just it makes me insane. You know the one thing I've never done is work uh like a retail or a restaurant or anything where you work with the we have the public. Oh really? That's the one thing you've never done? So you've fornicated with beasts, you've sacrificed a human to your god or gods. You've murdered a political figure. No, work wise. I get it. That's funny. I I've done a that a lot. Well, I know a lot most people have. And uh well, you've probably never built a fence on the top of a hill in the middle of nowhere all day long in twenty degree below weather, all alone. Uh, which I don't know what value you get out of that, but I've done that. I think value out of it, but yeah. Yeah, working with the public would definitely be a a lesson that I'm sure would be helpful in a lot of different ways. Yeah, I love that too. This job has some of that. Yeah. And every once in a while back in the day doing events and meeting people. But I've I've never worked the you know constant customer, customer's always right dealing with that, returning stuff to the store or not liking their meal or I've never done that before. My son worked at Tar get uh for a couple of years anyway, um, and he was in like customer service. And he it was it was a a m uh master's degree in a how people really are , as opposed to the f the you know fanciful idea that you have as a young idealistic person, you're always talking about how the left always seems every uh seems to think everybody's always trying as hard as they can. And the only reason somebody'd be down and out is cause the system was against them or blah blah blah. And my son Declan uh uh he quickly realized, Oh, there are a lot of scumbags and they lie and they cheat and they steal. They'll look you straight in the eye and lie to you. They're not down and out, they're scumbags. That's a good lesson right there. Yeah. Do you do retail, Michael? Yep. I did the fast food. I served people yogurt. I uh did restaurant work, all sorts of public stuff. I would like I did lots of different things at this job, but I would uh for instance I, would get to work at like six in the morning, I would load a whole bunch of rolls of wire in the back of my truck and post hole digger and post and drive off into a field so far away from anyone else that I wouldn't see , I couldn't see another human being looking any direction the entire day. And at noon I would get out my sack lunch and sit there on the ground and eat my sandwich by myself. Then I would finish my sandwich and go back to digging post holes and build my fence. Not being able to see or talk to, and this is pre-smartphone. Yeah. See another human being the entire day at five o'clock I'd drive back and go home. Hell that was pre-brick phone. Yeah. Oh yeah. Like in the Mercedes of a Hollywood Hollywood producer. There's no way to communicate with another human except shouting person. God, how good was that? Probably for my brain, that kind of solitude . Good or ruinous. I don't know. Write in. Tell us what you think of the effect to us. Mailbag at armstrongandgetty.com. I got a theory. Yeah. Okay, we got more on the way. Stay here . Armstrong and Getty . Armstrong and Getty here for HIMS. There are all kinds of great weight loss approaches that fit into your world out there. They've got to at HIMS with a wide range of affordable GLP1 options. You've got weight los s goals, but hitting them is another story. Check out Weight Loss by HIMS. It's designed to support you in losing the weight and keeping it off. And HIMS now offers access to an affordable range of FDA-approved GLP1 medications, including the Wagovy pill and the Wigov y pen. Through HIMS, everything happens online. You'll connect with a licensed provider who will determine if treatment's right for you. And then if prescribed, your medication is delivered right to your door, no insurance necessary. Ready to reach your goals? Visit hymns.com slash armstrong to get a personalized affordable plan that gets you. That's H im S dot com slash Armstrong. Hymns.com slash Armstrong. Weight loss by HIMS is not available in all fifty states. Wagovy is the registered trademark of Novo Nordisk AS. To get started and learn more, including important safety information, Wagovi clinical study information, and restrictions, visit HIM This July 4th, come celebrate at America's Block Party, hosted by America 250. America's Block Party is a can't miss 4th of July concert happening at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . Experience music performances from major artists, patriotic tributes, and the kickoff to Giving Forth. Helping to make July 4th the largest day of giving in American history. It's more than just fireworks. Learn more about this landmark celebration at america250.org Airtasker can help with your to-do list wire patio speakers fix the leaky faucet and learn Spanish before Madrid. Go to airtasker.com or download the app. Local taskers can help. Accent not included. Airtasker, get anything done . Ready to finally clean out your closet with trashy , you can donate your clothes, reduce waste, and earn cash rewards all in one simple step. Just fill a take back bag, send it in, and get rewards cash back for every bag. And now with Thyras Unlimited, you get unlimited bags for just $48 your first year. Clean out, donate, earn rewards. Visit Trashy.io to get started . Tracy Morgan, the comedian, getting ready for one of his biggest gigs, the NBA finals, and to help the city get excited, the longtime Knicks fan is lending his iconic voice to the subway. It's perfect. Fellow Knicks fans, it's Tracy Morgan. Game night in New York starts on the sub way. The old city in orange and blue, rolling in together. Orange and blue skies, baby. Okay. Tracy Morgan doing the voiceover for the sub way. Headed to the Knicks game, the final start tomorrow night. Reminding you that Tracy Morgan, the comedian, when he was in his limo and a Walmart truck hit him . He got ninety million dollars out of that. Ninety million dollars. That's why he's in the front row sitting next to John Stewart and Timothy Chalamet, because he got that kind of money. Yeah.. Wow I've known somebody who got not nearly that high settlement, but uh man, you wouldn't go through what they would get it. No. Yeah. Dang. Uh yeah, he's a hilarious dude. Uh coming up, Sting and his thoughts on toxic masculinity. Okay. Right now, as a matter of fact. I just thought it was such a good tease. I wanted to tease it, even though I'm gonna do it right now. I actually I think this is really interesting. And he doesn't really talk about toxic masculinity per se, but um he says he believes the fact that men no longer use their hands and physical ity on a daily basis may be driving a lot of the problems with men, however you want to describe it. You know, lacking purpose, uh drug abuse, uh porn and video games, uh, you know, toxic masculinity to the extent it's really an issue. Um uh he's he's done he's uh written this musical about the last days of a shipyard in Britain. And he says I work with my hands every day as a musician and I'm lucky. It's a rare thing for modern men to actually use their hands and use their strengths to do anything. We've lost something there. I don't have any answers, but maybe the toxicity in society at the moment is a result of the fact that we've lost a direction for that energy, the male strength. It's rare we have to use it. Um Um sure . Um our uh forefathers did not work with their hands out of uh better character though. They had no choice. Um that's part of the problem. For the entire uh existence on earth. Sure, but yeah. The other thing that's interesting is a uh a uh what do you call it? An Anglophile, uh which I am, is that he blames Margaret Thatcher and her dream of a service economy. And I would say to Dare Stinger, uh first of all, love the songs, brother. Love the songs. But I won't gush. Let's just be friends and hang out together a lot. Anyway, uh and I would also say to him, Margaret Thatcher didn't have any effect on the United States, and we've got a giant service economy where men Well right. We kinda had this topic earlier on something, but she saw the changes coming. This is what the economy is going to be, this is what the modern world's going to be. Get prepared for it. You you you couldn't have said no to the service economy taking over and say we're all gonna build ships or fences or rail you know, rail lines or whatever. It wasn't gonna happen. And you know, Roxanne, you shouldn't date a prostitutes thing. Armstrong and Getty . This July 4th, come celebrate at America's Block Party. Hosted by America 250. America's Block Party is a can't miss 4th of July concert happening at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. Experience music performances from major artists, patriotic tributes, and the kickoff to Giving Forth. Helping to make July 4th the largest day of giving in American history. Learn more about this landmark celebration at america250.org . With Airtasker, you can check off anything on your to-do list. Okay, today's list. Pick up the cat, get my nails done, drop off the brownies for the fundraiser , and add fixed windshield to the list. A palm tree just fell in my car. Air tasker it is. From errands to emergencies, host your task, set your budget, and let local taskers help you out. Go to airtasker.com or download the app. No task too big, too small, or too palm tree-shaped. Airtasker, get anything done . Ready to finally clean out your closet? With Trashy, you can donate your clothes, reduce waste, and earn cash rewards. All in one simple step. Just fill a take back bag, send it in, and get rewards cash back for every bag. And now with Trashy Unlimited, you get unlimited bags for just $48 your first year. Clean out, donate, earn rewards. Visit Trashy.io to get started . Combat sports fans. This January it's the bruise cruise. Party with fighters. Watch a bare knuckle fighting event live in the Caribbean. Plus DJs, bands, and chaos at sea. Prices increase soon. Hop aboard now. Go to BKFSEA.com. And finally, in a recent post on ex-U.S. ambassador to Greece, Kimberly Gilfoil, celebrated a new McDonald's location in Athens and called it a quote, the most technologically advanced McDonald's in all of Europe, which just means the ice cream machine works. Oh boy. Hold kill foil . Oh boy. What do you do when your ex's dad is the president and says, Look, nobody wants you in this country, but we'll make it easy for you. How about an ambassadorship? Oh to have that sort of bad . Oh, I'd love to do that. That's your worst case scenario. You end up ambassador to Greece? Yeah. Wow. Wow. Oh so a couple of uh interesting notes from the world of science. Um I'm very curious about science. I like hearing about it. I'm not nearly smart enough to comprehend most of it. But scientists uh number one have finally figured out how fast the universe is expanding. Um they've known for a very long time, or they think they know, that there was a big bang in the universe has been expanding from a single point ever since. Into what ? A bigger thing. Uh, call it creation, call it the big bang, whatever you want. Even about fourteen billion years later, this expansion moves objects like galaxies in it farther away from us. And they're trying to figure out what the rate of expansion is, because then you can extrapolate how old the universe . International gathering of experts last year in Switzerland confirmed that objects recede faster as they become more distant. All right, now I'm starting to get glazed eyes and you know, the look uh to once again quote the great Don Henley like a cow at a passing train uh uncomprehendingly. Uh for instance a galaxy three million light years away will move away from us at forty six miles per second, the scientists calculated. A galaxy at twice that distance would be moving away at about ninety miles per second. So I can't comprehend that. But they do illustrate it in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics. Uh they say that rate is most precise ever calculated. It's also mind bogglingly small. If you took an empty space the size of a football field, expanding at the rate our universe is, it would take more than a million years to expand by a single centimet er . When you look at the size of the uh the universe. The universe is expanding into what? The other place over there . The vo id. See that's where I my mind gets blown. Yeah. Really fast. It's like the book of Genesis. Before the creation there was nothing. Whoa , wait a minute. Nothing is something . Well, space is nothing. I mean, there's nothing. Right. But that's something. But before the big bang, there was just a whole lot of nothing? It's it's hard to wrap your head around infinite nothing. You can't. Yes. You can't. Or even a little nothing. The calculation is called in a question of major scientific theory. It's about ten percent faster than than what the standard model of cosmology . I don't why would they ask cosmetologists? Anyway, uh it's uh essentially uh the theory of how everything works in the universe uh says the rate should be. It's about 10% faster. Anyway, if you're into astrophysics, uh I suggest you dig more into that. I found this even more interesting though. And this is crazy. Your your son has got to read this. Um I don't think I passed it on to you yet. It's been assumed for a long time that humans haven't really changed, uh uh adapted, evolved in like forty or fifty thousand years. A lot of that belief, as they're writing in the free press, is uh in large degree in the shadow of famed paleontologist and naturalist Stephen J. Gould, whose theory of punctuated equilibrium held that genetic evolution proceeds and fits and starts, and that the humanity was in a period of genetic stasis, like for like forty, fifty thousand years. There's been no biological changes in humans in that time, he argued in an interview published in the year 2000. Everything we call culture and civilization we've built with the same body and brain as way back in the day . He had no way to look into the ancient genome itself . And so, and no neither did anybody else at the time. So the view that human genetic change belonged in the past became predominant. The idea that genes could both shape and be shaped by lifestyle was discarded. They quote another a couple of super heavyweights um who any anybody who deviated from that line were shunned and dismissed as racists or or whatever. Yeah, I know. But now the conventional wisdom is imploded. There was a tour de force of big data science published in Nature last month that showed how a mountain of genetic data backs up the idea that human revolution uh the ideas about human revolution that date back to Darwin uh were wrong. By using cutting edge genomic methods, the researchers showed that natural selection has been ubiquitous across the last last ten thousand years, reshaping our appearance, our immune systems, and even predispositions to mental illness . Huge changes in humans in the last 10,000 years . Uh it appears n now it appears that culture did not replace genetics as the vehicle for human adaptation, nor did it put an end to humans' biological fluidity over time. Uh the scientists show how the movement of people in the rise of agriculture unleashed a surge of genetic changes . The title of the paper is Ancient DNA Reveals Pervasive Directional Selection Across West Eurasia. How thoughtful were we? That's what I always wonder. Not just how smart, but how uh capable were we of being thoughtful? Like sending flowers on uh somebody's wedding anniversary. Exactly. You know, picking up after yourself. Fifty thousand years ago were people living, you know, and everybody is living to like age twenty before you get a rock falls on your head or you get eaten by a lion or something What happens when you die? I mean, just I just I don't understand. It's just say every day and I see other people suffering and getting older and what are we doing here? Did they have those thoughts and conversations? Some days I get up and I think moving this mud from here to over there, is there really a point to it. I mean the king told me I have to, but my being exploited. Is this what I want to do with my life? Yeah. Yeah. So anyway, the idea that this paper um illustrates is that we're an adapting animal, not just in theory, but in reality . I thought this was so cool. After analyzing ancient DNA from exactly 15, 36 West Eurasians, that is, Europeans and West Asians who'd lived over the last eighteen thousand years, the Harvard team reported four hundred and seventy-nine gene variants where there was strong directional selection over the millennia. Skin color, eye color, celiac disease, schizophrenia, bipolar risk, and intelligence are just some of the traits that have changed since the end of the last ice age, which is a little more than twelve thousand years ago. We're not simply cavemen wearing suits, we are different beasts all together . Is intelligence what's causes human beings to have the thoughts that we were just discussing the w what what is the point of this? Is there something bigger happening here? Is that in just purely intelligence? Is that why we assume dogs don't have these thoughts? Or cattle or even monkeys is the level of intelligence, or is that something different? Um, it might be something different. Maybe we're gonna find that out through AI, because if AI is becomes more intelligent than us, but never questions what am I doing here? You know, then it's not an intelligence thing, it's something else. Okay, two more points from this. Uh one of the more interesting details is that West Eurasians developed a host of adaptations in and around the class of genes that control immune function. Provides a clear demonstration of how the pressures of natural selection worked in humans. The rise of endemic diseases and pandemics, along with the acceleration of tra de and the gross of the growth of cities, seem like excellent candidates for selection pressures since the last of uh the ice age. Constant selection pressures buffet a world of plagues, twisting and turning genomes generation to generation, so a lot of disease -related stuff. The research's most startling and potentially controversial results, and the reason you have not heard this, come from the analysis of polygenic traits. These are characteristics control led not by single genes, but by a whole set of variants. And this analysis was made possible by advances in computational horsepower that let the head scientist, his name is Akbari, sift through a mountain of paleogenetic data. In genetics term, it looks like Europeans have been selected for higher IQ, higher educational attainment, and less schizophrenia and bipolar disorder over the last ten thousand years. This is a startling result. The selection for educational attainment seems to predate even the most ancient education by thousands of years. Surprising as that is, it seems to be the case with latter samples reflecting selection for the combination of genes associated with years of schooling in modern studies. Similarly, Neolithic farmers in the data set carried more variants associated with higher intelligence in modern samples than Mesolithic foragers. It's a strong sign that the emergence of farming and village culture changed human brains . You had to get smarter because you were dealing with a lot more people and the logistics of farming economics. And so smarter people got selected and survived and bred and the rest of it. So then you got the cultural part of it, right? What a what just whatever world you're born into. I was thinking about this the other day when I was reading about the bubonic plague from the early sixteen hundreds in London, which when the bubonic plague hit around that time , or just life expectancy before the bubonic plate hit, it was something like one out of four babies died in the first year or something. I mean, it was something extraordinarily high. So every family lost a child pretty much. I mean, it wasn't the rare occurrence that we all wonder, wow, how do you go on after that happens? It was it happened to everybody. And I'm sure that's most of human history. So how much did that change people's outlook on everything Yeah, I'm sure there are fascinating books on that very topic. But the the answer to that is long and and fascinating. So you combine that with different levels of intelligence, I don't know how much we uh we worried about these things. I really don't. Nobody knows. Yeah. Yeah . Because you you wouldn't think you watch some old timey movie even if it's like Monty Python or whatever, and you think, God, living in that village, just surrounded by mud and dung and endless, just back breaking labor to die in your twenties. How do you even get out of bed in the morning. You step over the dung to step in the mud instead. It's terrible. Well yeah and and and you know we don't have time to really go into depth on this paper, but The relationship between environment and and uh intelligence and then that's how that's passed in passed along rather in uh you know your your sets of genes. Um I it's it's crazy interesting and super important . I get why people are super uncomfortable talking about it when it comes down to regions of the world and or races. But the idea that we pretend scientific fact doesn't exist because it makes us feel uncomfortable is just it's dumb. It's dumb. I'd say. Yet don't let the worst people in the world direct the way we interpret reality. I mean, like if it turns out, for instance, to cite the most explosive trope that for whatever reason people of African origin are somewhat less intelligent on the average than European people, if that turned out to be true. That doesn't for an effing minute mean I'm smarter than Thomas Sowell. Trust me. And as an individualist, that's the only question that matters. Right. And anybody who would extrapolate that to assume well he won't be able to survive the job because he's a black fella. Well, you're an idiot and you don't deserve to have that black fella's talents in your organization. Town Sand, I'll hire him. Um