Modern Automata and Theoretical Applications

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I'm your host, Benjamin Boster And today's episode is about a Tomaton Anutomaton is a relatively self operating machine or control mechanism designed to automatically follow a sequence of operations or respond to predetermined instructions Some automats such as bell strikers and mechanical clocks are designed to give the illusion to the casual observer that they are operating under their own power or will likeike a mechanical robot. The term has long been commonly associated with automated puppets that resemble moving humans or animals built to impress and or to entertain people Animatronics or a modern type of automata with electronics. often used for the portrayal of characters or creatures in films and in theme park attractions The word Aamatan is the latinization of the ancient Greek atutomaton which means Saking of one's own will It was first used by Homer to describe an automatic door opening or automatic movement of wheeled tripods It is more often used to describe non electronic moving machines Especially those that have been made to resemble human or animal actions such as the Jacks on old public striking clocks or the kuckoo and any other animated figures on a cuckoo clock There are many examples of aamata in Greek mythology The Festus created a Tentu for his workshop Kallalus was an artificial man of bronze. King Alcinus of the Phaacians employed gold and silver watchdogs According to Aristotle Sedalus use quQuicksilver to make his wooden statue of Aphrodite move and other Greek legends He used Quicksilver to install voice in his moving statues The Aamata in the Hellenistic world were're intended as tools Tys religious spectacles prototypes for demonstrating basic scientific principles Numerous water powered Automata were built by Descebius. A Greek inventor and the first head of the G Library of Alexandria For example, he used water to sound a whistle to make a model owl move It invented the world's first cuckoo clock. This tradition continued in Alexandria with inventors such as the Greek mathematician. hero of Alexandria whose writings on hydraulics Nneumematics and mechanics describe siphons a fire engine a water organ The Ya pile and a programmable cart Philo of Byzantium was famous for his inventions Complex mechanical devices are known to have existed in Hellenistic Greece. Though the only surviving example is the antiysera mechanism the earliest known analog computer work is thought to have come originally from Rhodes where there was apparently a tradition of mechanical engineering The island was renowned for its Autamata. Qote Pindar's Seven's Olympic Ode The animated figures stand adorning every public street and seem to breathe in stone. move their marble feet. However, the information gleained from recason scans of the fragments indicate that it may have come from the colonies of Corinth in Sicily implies a connection with our commedes According to Jewish legend King Solomon used his wisdom to design a throne with mechanical animals which hailed him as King when he ascended it Upon sitting down, an eagle would place a crown upon his head and a dove would bring him a Torah scroll It is also said that when King Solomon stepped upon the throne A mechanism was set in motion As soon as he stepped upon the first step A golden ox and a golden lion each stretched out one foot support him and help him rise to the next step On each side, the animals held the king up until he was comfortably seated upon the throne In ancient China, a curious account of aamatas found in the Lyuja text believed to have originated around four hundred BCE and compiled around the fourth century CE Within it there is a description of a much earlier encounter between King Mu of Jou. and a mechanical engineer Kn as Yian Su an artificer The latter proudly presented the King with a very realistic and detailed life size human shaped figure of his mechanical handiwork The king stared at the figure in astonishment It walked with rapid strides moving its head up and down so that anyone would have taken it for a live human being The artificer touched its chin And it began singing Perfectly in tune. He touched his hand and it began posturing Keeping perfect time As the performance was drawing to an end It's a robot winged ey and made advances to the ladies in attendance Whereupon the king became incensed and would have had Yen Sur executed on the spot had not the latter in mortal fear instantly taking the robot to pieces to let him see what it really was And indeed It turned out to be only a construction of leather, wood glue and lacquer variously colored white Back. Red and blue Examining it closely, the king found all the internal organs complete Liver, gall, heart, lungs, spleen kidneys stomach and intestines And over these again, muscles, bones and limbs with her joints, skin, teeth, and hair All of them are artificial The king tried the effect of taking away the heart and found that the mouse could no longer speak. He took away the liver and the eyes could no longer see He took away the kidneys and the legs lost their power of locomotion The king was delighted. Other notable examples of Autamata include Arcodus's Dove, mentioned by Aulus Jelius Similar Chinese accounts of flying Aamata. are written of the fifth century BC Moist philosopher Mojit. and his contemporary Lou Bon made artificial wooden birds could successfully fly according to the Han Feija and other texts. The manufacturing tradition of Aamata continued in the Greek world Well into the Middle Ages. On his visit to Constantinople in nine hundred forty nine Ambassador Leud Brand of Cremona described Aomata and the Emperor eophyilus's palace including lions made either of bronze or wood covered with gold which struck the ground with her tails and roared with open mouth and quivering tongue A tree of gilded bronze Branches filled with birds likewise made of bronze gilded over and these emitted cries appropriate to their species and the emperor's throne itself, which was made in such a cunning manner that at one moment It was down on the ground. whileall at another It rose higher and was to be seen up in the air Similar Automata in the throne room, singing birds, roaring and moving lions were described by Lot Pran's contemporary Byzantine emperor In the mid eighth century The first wind powered atutomawer were built Statues that turned with the wind over the domes of the four gates in the palace complex of the round city of Baghdad. public spectacle of wind powered statues. had its private counterpart in the Abbasid palaces where Tamata of various types were predominantly displayed Also in the eighth century The Muslim alchemist, Jabir Ibn Hayan included recipes for constructing artificial snakes s and humans that would be subject to their creator's control in his coded Book of Stones. In eight hundred twenty seven Abasid Caliph al Mamun had a silver and golden tree in his palace in Baghdad which had the features of an automatic machine. There were metal birds that sang automatically on the swinging branches of his tree by Muslim inventors and engineers The Abbasid caliph, Al Mutadir, also had a silver and golden tree in his palace in Baghdad in nine seventeen birds on it flapping their wings and singing In the ninth century The Banu Musa brothers invented a programmable automatic flute player and which they described in their book of ingenious devices Al Jazari described complex programmable humanoid at Hamata. Amongst other machines he designed and constructed In the book of Knowledge of Iningenious Mechanical Devices in twelve oh six. H automatan was a boat with four automatic musicians floated on a lake to entertain guests at Ryal drinking parties His mechanism had a programmable drum machine with pegs bump into little levers that operate the percussion The drummer could be made to play different rhythms and drum patterns If the pegs were moved around how Gazari constructed a hand washing automatan First employing the flush mechanism now used in modern toilets It features a female automaton standing by a basin filled with water When the user pulls the lever The water drains and the automaton refills the basin Peacock Fountain was another more sophisticated hand washing device patriing humanoid automatized servants. who offers soap and towels Mark E. Rosim describes it as follows Pulling a plug on the peacock's tail releases water out of the beak As the dirty water from the basin fills the hollow base A float rises. and actuates a linkage which makes a servant figure appear from behind a door undernder the peacock and offer soap When more water is used to second float at a higher level trips and causes the appearance of a second serant figure was a tell How Gizari thus appears to have been the first inventor to display an interest in creating human like machines practical purposes such as manipulating the environment for human comfort Lamia Bllafrej has also pointed out the prevalence of the figure of the automated slave in Al Jazari's treatise Automated slaves were a frequent motif in ancient and medieval literature But it was not so common to find them described in a technical book in ten sixty six. The Chinese inventor Su Song buildus a water clog in the form of a tower. which featured mechanical figurines, which chimed the hours Samarangan as Sutudara A Sanskrit Treaters by Boja includes a chapter about the construction of mechanical contrivances The datar including mechanical bees and birds fountains shaped like humans and animals and male and female dolls that refilled oil lamps. dance play instruments and reenacted scenes from Hindu mythology VR Doncour in his twelve thirties sketchbook ed an early escapement mechanism in a drawing titled How to make an angel keep pointing his finger toward the sun with an angel that were perpetually turn to face the sun He also drew an automaton of a bird with jointed wings which led to their design implementation in clocks At the end of the thirteenth century Robert II, Count of Oortois build a pleasure garden at his castle at Hesden that incorporated several Tamata's entertainment. wall apart The work was conducted by local workmen and overseen by the Italian knight Renault Cogier It included monkey mariones A sundial supported by lions and wild men Mechanized birds meechanized fountains Bellows operated organ Part was famed for its autamata well into the fifteenth century before it was destroyed by English soldiers in the sixteenth century The Chinese author Xiao Sun that when the Ming dynasty founder, Hong Wu was destroying the palaces of Kambalik belonging to the previous Yuan dynasty There were, among many other mechanical devices, Aamata found that we were in the shape of tigers The Renaissance witnessed a considerable revival of interest in Aamata. Heroes' treatises were edited and translated into Latin and Italian hydraulic and pneumatic Automata. simimilar to those described by hero created for garden grottos Giovanni Fontana Paduwan engineer in fourteen twenty developed Bellicorum instrumentorum liibber which includes a puppet of a camela driven by a closed primate twwice the height of a human being and an automaton of Mary Magdalene He also created meechanical devils and rocket propelled animal automata. While functional Ely clocks were also often designed as novelties and spectacles which integrated features of autamata Many big and complex clocks with automated figures. were built as public spectacles in European dwn centers One of the earliest of these large clogs was the Strasassbourg astronomical clogs. Built in the fourteenth century. takes up the entire side of a cathedral wall. It contained an astronomical calendar. A tamata depicting animals Saints and the life of Christ The mechanical rooster of Strasburg cllog was active from thirteen fifty two to seventeen eighty nine The clock still functions to this day but has undergone several restorations since its initial construction The Prague astronomical clog was built in fourteen ten Animated figures were added from the seventeenth century onwards Numerous clockwork Autata were manufactured in the sixteenth century principally by the goldsmiths of the free imperial cities of Central Europe These wondrous devices found a home in the cabinet of Curiosities, or Wuerkomn Prinlek courords of Europe In fourteen fifty four Duke Phillilip created an entertainment show named the Eravagant feeast of the Pheasant which was intended to influence the Duke's peers to participate in a crusade against the Ottomans. but ended up being a grand display of a Tamata. Giants and dwarfves A banquet in Camela of Aragon's honor in Italy fourteen seventy five featured a lelike automated camel The spectacle was a part of a larger parade which continued over days Leonardo Da Vinci sketched a complex mechanical knight which he may have built and exhibited at a celebration hosted by Ludovici Swuza court of Milan around fourteen ninety five. The design of Leonardo's robot was not rediscovered until the nineteen fifties A functional replica was later built could move its arms Twist its head and sit up Da Vinci is frequently credited with constructing a mechanical lion which he presented to King Francois I in Leon and fifteen, fifteen Although no record of the device's original designs remain Avery recreation of this piece is housed by the Chateau de Colusill The Smithsonian inststitution has in its collection a clockwork monk fifteen inches high posossibly dating as early as fifteen, sixty. The monk is driven by a key wound spring and walks the path of a square striking his chest with his right arm. while raising and lowering a small wooden cross. and Rosary in his left hand turning and nodding his head roll in his eyes and mouth in silent obsequies From time to time, he brings a cross to his lips and kisses it It is believed that the monk was manufactured by Juanelo Toriano Mechanition to the Holy Roman emmperor Charles V The first description of a modern kucku clog was the Augsburg nobleman Philip Heinhofer and sixteen twenty nine. The clock belonged to Prince Elector August von Saxen by sixteen fifty The workings of mechanical kaks were understood and were widely disseminated An as anacious characters hand book on music. Moosorgia Uni Versales And what is the first documented description of how a mechanical kuckoo works A mechanical organ with several automated figures is described In eighteenth century Germany makers began making Kku clugs for sale. Clock shops selling cuckoo clogs became commonplace. Back forest region by the middle of the eighteenth century Japan adopted clockwork Automata in the early seventeenth century. Ca qui puppets. In sixteen sixty two, Takeeda Omi completed his first Butai Karakuri and then build several of these large puppets for the theatrical exhibitions Karakuri puppets went through a golden age during the Edo period. A new attitude towards automata is to be found in Renea Cart when he suggested that the bodies of animals are nothing more than complex machines Bones, muscles and organs could be replaced with cogs. pistons and cams Thus, mechanism became the standard to which nature and the organism was compared. France in the seventeenth century was the birthplace of those ingenious mechanical toys. They were to become prototypes for the engines of the Industrial Revolution Thus in sixteen forty nine, when Louis XI was still a child Francois Joseph de Camus designed for him a miniature coach complete with horses and footmen page And a lady was in the coach. All these figures exhibited a perfect movement According to Leabas. General de Jan constructed in sixteen eighty eight in addition to machinery for gunnery and navigation peacocks that walked and ate As Anius Kirk produced many Aamata to create Jesuit shows including a statue which spoke and listened via a speaking tube The world's first successfully built biochemical automaton is considered to be the flute player which could play twelve songs created by the French engineer Jacques de Vauccassant in seventeen thirty seven He also constructed the tambourne player and the digestine duck mechanical duck that, apart from quacking and flapping its wings gave the false illusion of eating and defegating seeming to endorse Cartesian ideas that Animals are no more than machines of flesh In seventeen sixty nine. a chess plane machine called the Turk created by Wolf Gan von Kempeelen made the rounds of the courts of Europe. purporting to be an automaton The Turk beat Benjamin Franklin in a game of chess when Franklin was ammbassador to France Thisirk was actually operated from inside. by a hidden human director and was not a true automaton Other eighteenth century automaton makers include the prolific Swiss Pierre Jacquedu and his son, Henri Louis Jacquedreu and his contemporary Alay myard day meer D, a Swiss mechanic created an automaton capable of drawing four pictures and writing three poems Meer Day'stomatan is now part of a collection at the Franklin Institute Science Museum in Philadelphia Belgian born John Joseph Merlin created the mechanism of the silver swwanutomaton Now at Bowe' Museum A musical elephant made by a French clockmaker Hubert Martininet in seventeen seventy four is one of the highlights of Wadston Manor Tipu's Tiger is another late eighteenth century example of aamata madeade for Tipu sultan. featuring a European soldier being mauled by a tiger Catherine the Great of Russia was gifted a very large and elaborate peacock clock created by James Cox in seventeen eighty one. now on display in the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg The Tamata, particularly watches and clocks, were popular in China during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. and items were produced for the Chinese market Stong interest by Chinese collectors in the twenty first century many interesting items to market where they have had dramatic realizations In twenty sixteen, the NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts program studied a Rver the Automaton Rover for Extreme Evironments designed to survive for an extended time in Venus's environmental conditions Unlike other modern Aamata, ari is an automaton instead of a robot practical reasons Venus is harsh conditions partarticularly at surface temperature of four hundred and sixty two degrees Celsius. make operating electronics there for any significant time impossible. It would be controlled by a mechanical computer and driven by wind power Automaton clocks are clocks which feature automatons within or around the housing typically activate around the beginning of each hour at each half hour or at each quarter hour They were largely produced from the first century BC to the end of the Victorian times in Europe Older clocks typically featured religious characters or other mythical characters. such as death or father time As time progressed, however, Aomatan clocks began to feature influential characters at the time of creation such as kings famous composers or industrialists Examples of Automaton clocks include chariot clocks and kucku clocks. Wh Automaton clocks are largely perceived to have been in use during medieval times in Europe are largely produced in Japan today In Aomata theory Clocks are regarded as time atutomatons of finite automaton Automaton clogs being finite, essentially means that automaton clogs have a certain number of states in which they can exist The exact number is the number of combinations possible on a clog within the hour Mute and second handand forty three thousand two hundred The title of Timed Automaton declares that the automaton changes states at a set rate Which for clocks is one state change every second Clock atamata only takes as input the time displayed by the previous state The Automata used this input to produce the next state play of time one second later than the previous Oock Aomata often also use the previous state's input to decide whether or not the next state requires merely changing the hands on the clock or if a special function is required. such as a mechanical bird popping out of a house, like in cuckoo clogs This choice is evaluated through the position of complex gears. cams axles and other mechanical devices within the automaton