Global Trade and Societal Impact

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Visit googstore. com to learn more and start a new relationship with your health. requires Google account, Google Health, app, Internet and Google Health Pmium subscript Fatures subject to change, availability and results vary, not intended for medical purposes, Wors independently of Gemini apps, cheheck responses for accuracy Welcome to the I canan't sleep podcast. where I help you drift off one fact at a time I'm your host, Benjamin Boster And today's episode is about cereal. Your summer weekends fill up fast, but Crocs has your back. Road trips, beach days, last minute getaways, whatever's on the agenda, swing by your local store and find your new goat too Try it, style it, make it yours. becausecause the right pair doesn't just show up It shows off Walk out ready for whatever's next. Visit your nearest croux store today And we're live from the living room as Doug eyes up the match they spread He's reaching for the buffalo wing. Perfect Hang on, what's this? Oh, he's good for Cat of Pepsi too. Inredible What a finish. sensational combination. Look at the delight on his face. There's no doubt about it. It just tastes better. Match days deserve Pepsi. Food deserves Psi. Grab a pack of Pepsi Zero Sugar for today's match tree in motion A cereal is a grass cultivated for its edible grain Cereals are the world's largest crops and are therefore staple foods They include rice, weed Rye oats Barly Millet and Me Edible grains from other plant families such as ammaranth, buckwheat, and quinoa are pseudo cereals. Most cials are annuals. producing one crop from each planting though rice is sometimes grown as a perennial Winter varieties are hardy enough to be planted in the autumn Becoming dormant in the winter, and harvested in spring or early summer Spring varieties are planted in spring and harvested in late summer The term cereal is derived from the name of the Roman goddess of grain crops and fertility, series cereials were domesticated in the Neolithic around eight thousand years ago Wheat and barley were domesticated in the fertile crescent. Rice and some millads were domesticated in East Asia while Sorghum and other millets were domestigated in Sudem Mize was domesticated by indigenous peoples of the Americas and Mexico about nine thousand years ago. In the twentieth century, serial productivity was greatly increased by the Green Revolution This increase in production is accompany to growing international trade. with some countries producing large portions of the cereal supply for other countries Weeed, barley, rye, and oats were gathered and eaten in the fertile crescent during the early Neolithic Cereial grains, nineteen thousand years old have been found in the Ohho T side in Israel with charred remnants of wild wheat and barley During the same period, farmers in China began to farm rice and mill using human made floods and fires as part of their cultivation regimen The use of soil conditioners, including manure, fish, composted and ashes. appears to have begun early and developed independently in areas of the world, including Mesopotamia to Nile Valley and Eastern Asia Cereals that became modern barley and wheat were domesticated some eight thousand years ago in the fertile crescent Millets and rice were domesticated in East Asia. while Sorghum was domesticated in Sudan Maze arose from a single domestication in Mesoamerica about nine thousand years ago in these agricultural regions Religion was often shaped by the divinity associated with the grain and harvests in the Mesopotamian creation myth. An era of civilization is inaugurated by the grain goddess Ashnan The Roman Goddda series presided over agriculture. bing crops, fertility and motherhood. The term cereal is derived from Latin Sirialis of grain originally meaning of the goddess series. Several gods of antiquity combined agriculture and war The Hittide sun goddess of Arinna that Cananied Lamu and the Roman Jus Complex civilizations arose where cereal agriculture created a surplus allowing for part of the harvest to be appropriated from farmers allowing power to be concentrated in cities Between nineteen sixty four and twenty twenty three Cereal production increased by two hundred and thirteen percent mostly through higher yields Harvested area rose only by ten percent Yields of wheat and rice rose in the Green Revolution a technological change funded by development organizations The strategies included mechanized tilling culture nitrogen fertilizers and breeding of new strains of seeds These innovations fended off starvation an increased yield per plant paid less attention to nutritional quality The high yield cereal crops tend to have low quality proteins was essential amino acid deficiencies. are high in carbohydrates and lack balanced essential fatty acids, vitamins and minerals so called ancient grains and heirloom varieties grew in popularity with the organic movements of the early twenty first century There's a trade off in yield per plant Putting pressure on resource poor areas as food crops are replaced with cash crops Grain based foods are fundamental dietary staples in many regions worldwide. serving as primary sources of energy and essential nutrients. Consequently, reductions in cereal production are the most significant contributors to losses in energy and essential micronutrients such as iron, sink Magnesium phhosphorus Siamon and riboflavin. Cereals are grasses in the Poisee family produce edible grains. A cereal grain is botanically a karyopsis a fruit where the seed coat is fused with the pericarpon Grasses have stems that are hollow except to the nodes and narrow alternate leaves born in two rings The lower part of each leaf encloses the stem forming a leaf sheese. The leaf grows from the base of the blade. an adaptation that protects the growing maristem from grazing animals flowers are usually hermaproditic. was the exception of Me and mainly anemophilous or wind pollinated although insects occasionally play a role Among the best known cereals are maize, rice, wheat, barley Sorghum Millet Right? and Tritio. Some other grains are colloquially called cereals even though they're not grasses These pseudo cereals include buckwheat Qinoa and Emirants. All cereal crops are cultivated in a similar way Most are annual So after sowing, they are harvested just once An exception is rice which, although usually treated as an annual, can survive as a perennial producing our ratoon crop materials adapted to a temperate climate such as barley, oats Ry spelled Cit a callllie and weed called cool season cereals those preferring a tropical climate such as millet and sorghum called warm season cereals le seasoned cereals, especially rye, followed by barley. Hardy They grow best in fairly cool weather. and stop growing depending on variety when the temperature goes above around thirty degrees Celsius Warm season cereals in contrast require hot weather and cannot tolerate frost Cool season cereals can be grown in highlands in the tropics where they sometimes deliver cereal crops in a single year. In the tropics, warm season cereals can be grown at any time of the year In temperate zones, these cereals can only be grown when there is no frost Most cereals are planted in tilled soils which reduces weeds and breaks up the surface of a field Most cereals need regular water in the early part of their life cycle Rice is commonly grown in flooded fields. Though some strains are grown on dry land Other warm climate cereals such as sorghum are adapted to arid conditions School season cereals are grown mainly in temperate zones These cereals often have both winter varieties for autumn sewing Wter dormancy and early summer harvesting and spring varieties planted in spring and harvested in late summer Winter varieties have the advantage of using water when it is plentiful and permitting a second crop after the early harvest They flower only in spring as they require veralization exposure to cold for a specific period fixed genetically. Spring crops grow when it is warmer but less rainy So they may need irrigation. Cereal strains are bred for consistency and resilience to the local environmental conditions The greatest constraint on yield are plant diseases. Especially rusts powdery mildews Fusarium head blood caused by fusarium graminirum is a significant limitation on a wide variety of cereals P pressures include pest insects and wildlife like rodents and deer in conventional agriculture Some farmers apply fungicides or pesticides Annual cereals die when they have come to seed and dry up Harvesting begins once the plants and seeds are dry enough Harvesting in mechanized agricultural systems is bombine harvvester a machine which drives across the field in a single pass in which it cuts the stocks And then thrushes and winows of Grain in traditional agricultural systems mostostly in the global South, harvesting may be by hand using tools such as scythes and grain grails Leftover parts of the plan can be allowed to decompose collected as straw. This can be used for animal beddting, mulch and a growing medium for mushrooms It is used in crafts such as building with cob or straw bale constructions If cereals are not completely dry when harvested, such as when the weather is rainy The stored grain will be spoiled by mold fungi This can be prevented by drying it artificially. It may then be stored in a grain elevator or silo to be sozed later Grain stores need to be constructed to protect the grain from damage by pests such as seed eating birds and rodents When the cereal is ready to be distributed, It is sold to a manufacturing facility that first removes the outer layers of the grain for subsequent milling for flour or other processing steps to produce foods such as flour, oatmeal, or pearl barley In developing countries, processing may be traditional. in artisanal workshops as was tortilla production in Central America. Most cereals can be processed in a variety of ways Rice processing, for instance, can create whole grain or polished rice or rice flour Removal of the germ increases the longevity of grain and storage Some grains can be malted process of activating enzymes in the seed. to cause sprouting that turns the complex starches into sugars before drying ese sugars can be extracted for industrial uses further processing. such as for making industrial alcohol, beer, whiskey, or rice wine or sold directly as a sugar. In the twentieth century, industrial processes developed around chemically altering the grain to be used for other processes In particular, mize can be altered to produce food additives such as corn starch and higher fructose corn syrup Some cereals such as rice require little preparation before human consumption For example, to make plain cooked rice Raw milled rice is washed and boiled. Foods such as porridge and museli may be made largely of whole cereals especially ods Whereas commercial breakfast cereals such as granola They be highly processed and combined with sugars, oils and other products Cereals can be ground to make flour Wheat flour is the main ingredient of bread and pasta Mize flour has been important in Mesoamerica since ancient times foods such as Mexican tortillas and Damales. Rye flour is a constituent of bread in central and Northern Europe while rice flour is common in Asia A cereal grain consists of starchy endosperperm, germ, and bran Whomeal flour contains all of these White flowers without some or all of the germ or bran mials and theyre related byproducts such as hay are routinely fed to farm animals Common cereals as animal food include maize, barley, wheat, and oats Most grains may be treated chemically or made into silage mechanically flattened or crimed kept in airtight storage until used or stored dry with a moisture content of less than fourteen percent Commercially, grains are often combined with other materials formed into feed pellets as whole grains Cereals provide carbohydrates, polyunsaturated fats protein, vitamins and minerals processed by the removal of the ban and germ All that remains is the starchy endosperm Nutrients added to cereal during nutritional fortification include iron, calcium Zine can folate. In some developing countries, cereals constitute a majority of daily sustance. In developed countries, cereal consumption is moderate and varied but's still substantial. primarily in the form of refined and processed grains Some cereals are deficient in the essential amino acid lysing obliging vegetarian cultures to combine their diet of cereal grains with legumes, to obtain a balanced diet Many legumes, however, are deficient in the essential amino acid methionine which grains contain Thus, a combination of legumes with grains forms a well balanced diet for vegetarians Some combinations include lentils with rice, beans with mazed tortillas food with rice Pana butter with whole grain wheat bread, as sandwiches and several other cultures including the Americas For feeding animals, the amount of crude protein measured in grains is expressed as grain crude protein concentration Cereals constitute the world's largest commodities by tonnage whether're measured by production or by international trade Several major producers of cereals dominate the market because of the scale of the trade Some countries have become reliant on imports the serials pricing or availability, can have outsized impacts on countries with a food trade imbalance and thus food security Cereals are the world's largest crops by tonnage of grain produced Three cereals, maize, wheat, and rice together accounted for ninety one percent of all cereal production worldwide. in twenty twenty four And forty percent of the global availability of food energy in twenty twenty three while the production of oats and rye has drastically fallen from their nineteen sixties levels Other cereals not included in the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization statistics include wild rice which is grown in small amounts in North America Tv. an ancient grain that is a staple in Ethiopia Stf is grown in sub Saharan Africa. as a grass primarily for feeding horses It is high in fiber and protein Its flour is often used to make andjura. It can be eaten as a warm breakfast cereal like Farina with a chocolate or nutty flavor Cereals are the most traded commodities by quantity in twenty twenty three wheat, maize and rice, the main cereals involved. The Americas and Europe are the largest exporters And Asia is the largest importer In twenty twenty three, Brazil was the largest exporter of mize While India was the largest exporter of rice and China, the largest importer of maize and of rice many other countries trade serals. bothoth as exporters and as importers. Cereals are traded as futures on world commodity markets. helping to mitigate the risks of changes in price, for example Harvest fail. A grain is a small, hard dry fruit with or without an attached whole layer. harvested for human or animal consumption A grain crop is a grain producing plant The two main types of commercial grain crops are cereals and legumes After being harvested, dry grains are more durables than other staple foods such as starchy fruits. tubers This durability has made grains well suited to industrial agriculture since they can be mechanically harvested transported by rail or ship stored for long periods in silos. and milled for flour or pressed for oil The grain market is a major global agricultural market that includes crops such as maize, rice soybeans, weed and other grains. In the grass family a grain narrowly defined as a karyopsis a fruit with its wall fused ono the single seed inside belonging to a cereal such as wheat, maize, or rice broadly in eronomy and commerce Seeds or fruits from other plant families are called grains if they resemble cereal keriopsis For example, Eirnd is sold as grain Eirnd and Aaron's products may be described as whole grains pre Columbian civilizations of the Andes had grain based food systems. A higher elevations, none of the grains belong to the cereal family All three grains native to the Andes are broad leaved plants rather than grassive Starchy grains from broadleaf plant families are cultivated as nutritious alternatives to cereals The three main pseudo cereal grains are Arons quait Keinoa Pulses. The dried seeds of legumes, members of the pea family have a higher protein content than most other plant foods at around twenty percent while soybeans have as much as thirty five percent As is the case with all other whole plant foods Pulses also contain carbohydrates and fat Common pulses include chickpeas, common beans Come and pase Pava beans Wends Lima beans ens Mong beans penance. Pgeon peas runner beans. Soybeans Oil seed grains are grown primarily for the extraction of their edible oil Vegetable oils provide dietary energy. and some essential fatty acids They're also used as fuel and lubricants Because grains are small, hard and dry, they can be stored measured and transported more readily than can other kinds of food crops such as fresh fruits, roots and tubers. The development of grain agriculture allowed excess food to be produced and stored easily which could have led to the creation of the first temporary settlements and the division of society into classes. This assumption that grain agriculture led to early settlements and social stratification has been challenged by James C. Scott in his book against the grain He argues that the transition from hunter gatherer societies to settled agrarian communities was not a voluntary choice driven by the benefits of increased food production. due to the long storage potential of grains but ratherers that the shift towards settlements. was a coerced transformation imposed by dominant members of a society. seeking to expand control over labor and resources The grain trade refers to the local and international trade in cereals such as wheat, barley, maize, rice, and other food grains Grain is an important trade item because it is easily stored and transported was limited spoilage. Unlike other agricultural products, Healthy grain supply and trade is important to many societies providing a caloric base for most food systems as well as an important role in animal feed for animal agriculture The grain trade began as early as agricultural settlement, identified in many of the early cultures that adopted sedentary farming Major societal changes have been directly connected to the grain trade such as the fall of the Roman Empire. fromrom the early modern period onward, Grain trade has been an important part of colonial expansion and foreign policy The geopolitical dominances of countries like Australia, the United States, Canada, and the Soviet Union during the twentieth century was connected with their status as grain surplus countries