Advancements in Accuracy and Mass Production

Heat up your fourourth of July at the Home Depot with our wide variety of grills under three hundred dollars and make every gathering one to remember Give your outdoor space a glow up. Whatever your budget is, with savings on seasonal plants starting at five dollars. With the grill fired up and your backyard set to perfection, you'll be able to invite friends and family over to kick off the party. Start celebrating with low prices guaranteed at the Home Depot.rices may vary story, Suss Picey H home Depot comiceesash for details This episode is brought to you by Google Health. Stop chasing someone else's definition of health. What matters is what's healthy for you. Google Health offers a new kind of coach, built with Gemini for effortless tracking, sleep insights, and holistic coaching tailored to you. Visit googstore. com to learn more and start a new relationship with your health. requires Google account, Google Health, app, Internet and Google Health Pmium subscript Fatures subject to change, availability and results vary, not intended for medical purposes, Wors independently of Gemini apps, cheheck responses for accuracy Welcome to the I Can't Sleep podcast Wh I help you drift off one fact at a time. I'm your host, Benjamin Boster And today's episode is about clocks Good sleep is everything That's why Oie's science backack support is made with a blend of melatonin and LDNine for both kiddles and grownups. So when your mind won't switch off, you've got something that can help Eeracing thoughts and restless nights won't stand a chance Find Ollie sleep solutions for the whole family at alie. com That's O L LY d. com And we're live on Match Day as Doug reaches for a buffalo wing He's got it. Oh and he's gone for a can of Psy too. What a finish! There's no doubt about it. It just tastes better. Match days deserve Pepsy. clock or chronometer is a device that measures and displays time The clock is one of the oldest human inventions Meeting the need to measure intervals of time shorter than the natural units such as the day The lunar months and the year Devices operating on several physical processes have been used over the millennia Some predecessors to the modern clock may be considered clocks that are based on movement and nature A sundial shows the time by displaying the position of a shadow on a flat surface There is a range of duration timers A well known example being the hourglass. water clogs along with sundials. possibly the oldest time measuring instruments A major advance occurred with the invention of the Verge Eescapement which made possible the first mechanical clocks aroundround thirteen hundred in Europe which kept time with oscillating timekeepers balance wheels Traditionally in Orolology the study of timekeeping The term clock was used for a striking clock The clock that did not strike the hours audibly was called a time piece. This distinction is not generally made any longer es and other time pieces that can be carried in one's person are usually not referred to as clocks Brain driven clocks appeared during the fifteenth century During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries making flourished The next development in accuracy occurred after sixteen fifty six was the invention of the pendulum clock by Christian Hugins and major stimulus to improving the accuracy and reliability of clogs was the importance of precise timekeeping for navigation The mechanism of a time piece with a series of gears driven by a spring or weightes. is referred to as clockwork The term is used for a similar mechanism not used in a timepiece The electric clock was patented in eighteen forty and electronic logs were introduced in the twentieth century Becoming widespread was the development of small battery powered semiconductor devices The time keepeping element in every modern clock is a harmonic oscillator a physical object resonator that vibrates or oscillates at a particular frequency This object can be a pendulum balance wheel tune in for a quartz crystal or the vibration of electrons and atoms. as they emit microwaves The last of which is so precise that it serves as the formal definition of the second Clocks have different ways of displaying the time Analog clocks indicate time with a traditional clock face and moving hands Digital clocks display a numeric representation of time To numbering systems are in use Telve hour time notation twenty four hour notation Most digital clocks use electronic mechanisms in LCD, LED, and VFD displays for the blind and for use over telephones Speaking clocks state the time audibly in words There are also clocks for the blind that have displays that can be read by touch The word clock derives from the medieval Latin word for bell and has cognates in many European languages Cocks spread to England from the low countries So the English word came from the middle low German and middle Dutch The word is also derived from the Middle English clock Old North French clog Or Middle Dudge, Cloa. All of which mean Bell The apparent position of the sun and the sky changes over the course of each day reflecting the rotation of the earth Shadows cast by stationary objects move correspondingly So their positions can be used to indicate the time of day. A sundial shows the time by displaying the position of a shadow on a usually flat surface That has markings that correspond to the hours Sundials can be horizontal Vvertical. or in other orientations Sundials were widely used in ancient times was knowledge of latitude A well constructed sundial can measure local solar time was reasonable accuracy. was in a minute or two Sundials continued to be used to monitor the performance of clocks until the eighteen thirties when the use of a telegraph and train standardiz time, time zones. between cities Many devices can be used to mark the passage of time without respect to reference time timeime of day, hours, minutes, etcetera and can be useful for measuring duration or intervals Examples of such duration timers are candle clocks incense clocks and the hourglass. Both the candle clock and the incense clock work on the same principle wherein the consumption of resources is more or less constant allowing reasonably precise and repeatable estimates of time passages In the hourglass Find sand pouring through a tiny hole at a constant rate. indicates an arbitrary predetermined passage of time The resource is not consumed but reused Water clogs along with sundials are possibly the oldest time measuring instruments. was the only exception being the day counting Tally stick Given their great antiquity where and when they first existed it is not known and is perhaps unknowable The bowl shaped outflow is the simplest form of a water clock and is known to have existed in Babylon and Egypt around the sixteenth century BC. Other regions of the world, including India and China also have early evidence of water clogs the earliest dates are less certain Some authors, however, write about water clocks appearing as early as four thousand BC in these regions of the world The Macedonian astronomer Andronicos of Cyrus supervised the construction of the Tower of the Winds in Assens. in the first century BC which housed a large Klepssidra inside as well as multiple prominent sundials outside allowing it to function as a kind of early clock toer. The Greek and Roman civilizations's advanced water clock design with improved accuracy. These advances were passed on through Byzantine and Islamic times. eventually making their way back to Europe Independently, the Chinese develop their own advanced water clocks by seven hundred twenty five AD passing their ideas on to Korea and Japan Some water clock designs were developed independently and some knowledge was transferred through the spread of trade Free modern societies do not have the same precise time keepeping requirements that exist in modern industrial societies where every hour of work or rest is monitored and work may start or finish at any time regardless of external conditions. Instead water clogs in ancient societies were used mainly for astrological reasons These early water clogs were calibrated with a sund dial while never reaching the level of accuracy of a modern timepiece The water clog was the most accurate and commonly used timekeeping device for millennia until it was replaced by the more accurate pendulum clock in seventeenth century Europe Islamic civilization is credited with further advancing the accuracy of clogs through elaborate engineering in seven ninety seven or possibly eight hundred one The Abasid Caliph of Baghdad Harun al Rashid presented Charlemagne with an Asian elephant named Abul Abbas. together with a particularly elaborate example of a water clog Sylvester the second introduced clogs to Northern and Western Europe Around one thousand AD The first known geared clock was invented by the great mathematician, physicist and engineer Archimedes. during the third century BC Prarchimedes created his astronomical clock, which was also a cuckoo clock with birds singing and moving every hour It is the first carilon clock as it plays music simultaneously person blinking his eyes surprised by the singing birds The Archimedes clock works with a system of four weights counterweights and strings regulated by a system of floats in a water container. with siphons that regulate the automatic continuation of the clock. The principles of this type of clock are described by the mathematician and physicist hero who says that some of them work with a chain that turns a gear in the mechanism. Another Greek clock probably constructed at the time of Alexander was in Gaza as described by procopius The Gaza clock was probably a Medioroscopean i. e buildilding showing celestial phenomena and the time It had a pointer for the time and some automations. simimilar to the Archimedes clock There were twelve doors opening one every hour With Hercules performing his labors to lion at nine o'clock etceter And at night, a lamp becomes visible every hour with twelve windows opening to show the time Song dynasty, Buddhist monk You shan along with government officials. Lon Lingzong made the escapeen in seven twenty three or seven twenty five to the workings of a water powered armillary sphere and clock drive which was the world's first clockwork escapement. The Song Dynasty, Polymath and Genius u song incorporated it into his monumental innovation of the astronomical clock toower of Kaifeng in ten eighty eight is astronomical clogged and rotating armillary sphere still relied on the use of either flowing water during the spring Summer and autumn seasons or liquid mercury during the freezing temperatures of winter Esu song's water Wheel, link workor device The action of the escapeeman' arrest and release was achieved by gravity exerted periodically as a continuous flow of liquid filled containers of a limited size. in a single line of evolution Su Song's clock therefore united the concepts of eclipsidra and the mechanical clock into one device run by mechanics and hydraulics In his memorial, Sue's song wrote about this concept According to your servant's opinion There have been many systems and designs for astronomical instruments During past dynasties, all differing from one another in minor respects principle of the use of water power for the driving mechanism has always been the same. The heavens move without ceasing. But so also does water flow and fall Thus, if the water is made to pour with perfect evenness And the comparison of the rotary movements of the heavens and the machine will show no discrepancy or contradiction for the unresting follows the unceasing Song was also strongly influenced by the earlier arrmillary sphere created by JZhang Sishun nine seventy six AD who also employ the escapement mechanism and use liquid mercury instead of water in the water wheel of his astronomical clock tower The mechanical clockworks of Sue Song's astronomical Ter featured a great driving wheel That was eleven feet in diameter. carrying thirty six scoobs into each of which water was poured at a uniform rate from the constant level tank. The main driving shaft of iron with its cylindrical necks supported on iron crescent shaped bearings ended in a pinion which engaged a gear wheel at the lower end of the main vertical transmission shaft. The great astronomical hydroomechanical clock toower was about ten meters high featured a clock escapement and was indirectly powered by a rotating wheel either with falling water or liquid mercury A full sized working replica of Su Song's Gog exists in the Republic of China, National Museum of Natural Science Taiichig City The full scale fully functional replica approximately twelve meters in height was constructed from Su Song's original descriptions and mechanical drawings. The Chinese escapement spread west and was a source for Western escapeen technology In the twelfth century, Al Gazari, an engineer from Mesopotamia, who worked for the Artuket King of Dia Bacer Nasir Adin made numerous clocks of all shapes and sizes The most reputed clocks include the elephant Scribe. and castle clogs some of which have been successfully reconstructed as well as telling the time, These grand clocks were symbols of the status grandeur and wealth of the Ortk state Knowledge of these mercury escapments may have spread through Europe with translations of Arabic and Spanish text The word horlologia was used to describe early mechanical clocks But the use of this word for all timekeepers conceals the true nature of the mechanisms For example, there is a record that in eleven seventy six Song Cathedral in France installed an Orloge But the mechanism used is unknown According to Jocelyn Brachalon, in eleven ninety eight during a fire at the Abbey of St. Edmundsbury. The monks ran to the clock to fetch water indicating that their water clock had a reservoir large enough to help extinguish the occasional fire The word clock, which gradually supersedes Orloge suggests that it was the sound of bells that also characterized the prototype mechanical clogs ppeared during the thirteenth century in Europe In Europe between twelve eighty and thirteen twenty There was an increase in the number of references to clocks and horor loges and church records And this probably indicates that a new type of clock mechanism has been devised Existing clock mechanisms that used water power were being adapted to take their driving power from falling weights This power was controlled by some form of oscillating mechanisms probably derived from existing bell ringing or alarm devices This controlled release of power, the escapement marks the beginning of the true mechanical clog. which differed from the previously mentioned cogwheel clocks The Verge escapement mechanism appeared during the surge of true mechanical clock development. which did not need any kind of fluid power water or mercury to work These mechanical clogs were intended for two main purposes for signaling and notification. and for modeling the solar system. The former purpose is administrative The latter arises naturally given the scholarly interests in astronomy, science and astrology and how these subjects integrated with the religious philosophy of the time The astrolabe was used both by astronomers and astrologers And it was natural to apply a clockwork drive to the rotating plate to produce a working model of the solar system Simple clogs, intended mainly for notification were installed in towers and to not always require faces or hands They would have announced the canonical hours or intervals between set times of prayer Canonical hours varied in length. As the times of sunrise and sunset shifted The more sophisticated astronomical clocks would have had moving dials or hands. and would have shown the time in various time systems. including Italian hours, Canonical hours and time as measured by astronomers at the time Both styles of clocks started acquiring extravagant features such as automater In twelve eighty three, a large clock was installed at Dunstable Priori in Bedfordshire in southern England. Its location above the rude screen suggests that it was not a water clock In twelve ninety two, Canterbury Cathedral installed a great Horloge Over the next thirty years, there were mentions of clocks at a number of ecclesiastical institutions in England, Italy, and France In thirteen twenty two, a new clock was installed in Norwich An expensive replacement for an earlier clock installed in twelve seventy three This had a large two meter astronomical dial was a Tomata and Bells The costs of the installation included the full time employment of two clockkeepers for two years An elaborate water clog Cosmic engine was invented by Su Song a Chinese polymath Design it constructed in China in ten ninety two This great astronomical hydromechanical clog tower was about ten meters high. and was indirectly powered by a rotating wheel. with falling water and liquid mercury which turned an armillary sphere capable of calculating complex astronomical problems In Europe, there were the clocks constructed by Richard of Wellllingford and Albans by thirteen thirty six and by Giovanni de Dundi in Parua forty eight to thirteen sixty four They no longer exist, but Detailed descriptions of their design and construction survive. and modern reproductions have been made They illustrate how quickly the theory of the mechanical clock had been translated into practical constructions And also that one of the many impulses to their development had been the desire of astronomers to investigate celestial phenomena the Astrarium of Giovanni Dndi de Lolorojo was a complex astronomical clock between thirteen forty eight thirteen sixty four in Patua, Italy by the doctor and clock maker Giovanni don't need a lot Rogjo The Astrarium had seven faces and one hundred and seven moving gears It showed the positions of the sun. The moon. and the five planets then known as well as religious feast days The astrarium stood about one meter high. and consisted of a seven sided brass or iron framework restesting on seven decorative paw shaped feet The lower section provided a twenty four hour dial and a large calendar drum showing the fixed feasts of the church Movable fees and the position in the zodiac of the Mon's ascending node The upper section contains seven dials each about thirty centimeters in diameter showing the positional data from the Pimum mobile Venus. Mercury The Mon. Saturn Jupiter And Mars Directly above the twenty four hour dial is the dial of the Pmimum mobile so called because it reproduces the diureurnal motion of the stars and the annual motion of the sun against the background of stars Each of the planetary dials used complex clockwork to produce reasonably accurate models of the planet's motion These agreed reasonably well Bos with Ptolemaic theory and with observations. Wallingford's clock had a large astrolabe type dial showing the sun, the moon's age phase and node. A star map possibly the planets. In addition, it had a wheel of fortune. and an indicator of the state of the tide at London Bridge Bells rang every hour the number of strokes indicating the time Dondi's clog was a seven site of construction One meter high Dials showing the time of day including minutes the motions of all the known planets an automatic calendar of fixed and movable feasts and an eclipse prediction and rotating once every eighteen years It is not known how accurate or reliable these clocks would have been probably adjusted manually every day to compensate for errors caused by wear and imp prerecise manufacturer Water clogs are sometimes still used and can be examined in places such as ancient castles and museums The Salisbury Cathedral Cock built in thirteen eighty six. is considered to be the world's oldest surviving mechanical clog that strikes the hours makers develops their art in various ways Building smaller clocks was a technical challenge as was improving accuracy and reliability. Clocks could be impressive show pieces to demonstrate skilled craftsmanship or less expensive mass produced items for domestic use. The escape men in particular was an important factor. affecting the clock's accuracy So many different mechanisms were tried Spring driven clocks appeared during the fifteenth century. although they are often erroneously credited to Nuremberg watchmaker Peter Henlin aroundround fifteen eleven The earliest existing spring driven clock is the Chamber clock given to Philip the Good. Duke of Burgundy around fourteen thirty Now in the Germanishus National Museum Spring powerower presented clockmakers with a new problem How to keep the clock movement running at a constant rate as the spring ran down. This resulted in the invention of the Stackfried and the Fusei in the fifteenth century and many other innovations down to the invention of the modern going barrel in seventeen sixty Plly clock dials did not indicate minutes and seconds. A clock with a dial indicating minutes was illustrated in a fourteen seventy five manuscript Pulus, Almanus. and some fifteenth century clocks in Germany indicated minutes and seconds An early record of a second's hand on a clock dates back to about fifteen sixty cllock now on the Fremmer's Doorf colloection. During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries making flourished particularly in the metadowworking towns of Nuremberg and Agsburg and in Bois France Some of the more basic table clocks have only one time keeping hand was a dial between the hour markers being divided into four equal parts making the clocks readable to the nearest fifteen minutes Other clocks were exhibitions of craftsmanship and skill incorporating astronomical indicators and musical movements. The cross speed escapement was invented in fifteen eighty four by Jst Bergi who also developed the Remendoir Vergi's clock was a great improvement in accuracy as they were correct to wasin a minute a day. These clogs helped the sixteenth century astronomer Tako Brahi to observe astronomical events with much greater precision than before The British had dominated watch manufacture for much of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. maintained a system of production that was geared towards high quality products for the elite Although there was an attempt to modernize clock manufacture with mass production techniques And the application of duplicating tools and machinery by the British Watch Company in eighteen forty three It was in the United States that this system took off In eighteen sixteen, Eli Terry and some other Connecticut clockmakers developed a way of mass producing clogs by using interchangeable parts Eron Luffkin Dennison started a factory in eighteen fifty one in Massachusetts that also used interchangeable parts And by eighteen sixty one was running a successful enterprise incorporated as the Waltham Watch Comany