Scientific Consensus and Paranormal Theories

Heat up your fourourth of July at the Home Depot with our wide variety of grills under three hundred dollars and make every gathering one to remember Give your outdoor space a glow up. Whatever your budget is, with savings on seasonal plants starting at five dollars. With the grill fired up and your backyard set to perfection, you'll be able to invite friends and family over to kick off the party. Start celebrating with low prices guaranteed at the Home Depot.rices may vary story, Suss Picey H home Depot comiceesash for details This episode is brought to you by Google Health. Stop chasing someone else's definition of health. What matters is what's healthy for you. Google Health offers a new kind of coach, built with Gemini for effortless tracking, sleep insights, and holistic coaching tailored to you. Visit googstore. com to learn more and start a new relationship with your health. requires Google account, Google Health, app, Internet and Google Health Pmium subscript Fatures subject to change, availability and results vary, not intended for medical purposes, Wors independently of Gemini apps, cheheck responses for accuracy Welcome to the I Can't Sleep where I help you drift off one fact at a time I'm your host, Benjamin Boster And today's episode is about crop circles Your summer weekends fill up fast, but Crocs has your back. Road trips, beach days, last minute getaways, whatever's on the agenda, swing by your local store and find your new goat too Try it, style it, make it yours. becausecause the right pair doesn't just show up, it shows off Wockk out ready for whatever's next. Visit your nearest croc store today Good sleep is everything That's why Alie's science backack supportpp is made with a blend of melatonin and LDNine for both kiddles and grownups So when your mind won't switch off, you've got something that can help. Eeracing thoughts and restless nights won't stand a chance Find Ollie sleep solutions for the whole family at alie. com That's O L L Y d. com. circle formation Corn circle pattern created by flattening a crop usually a serial The term was coined in the early nineteen eighties Crop circles have been described as all falling within the range of the sort of thing done in hoaxes Tainer ed us. Professor of physics at Truman State University Although obscure natural causes or alien origins of crop circles are suggested by Finge theorists, There's no scientific evidence for such explanations And all crop circles are consistent with human causation In nineteen ninety one, two hoaxers, Doug Bower and Dave Chley credit for having created over two hundred crop circles throughout England and widely reported interviews The number of reports of crop circles increased substantially after interviews with them In the United Kingdom, reported circles are not distributed randomly across the landscape. here near Rhods arereas of medium to dense population cultural heritage monuments such as Stonehenge or Ay They usually appear overnight Nearly half of all crop circles found in the UK in two thousand three were located within a fifteen kilometer radius of the Avebury stone circles. In contrast to crop circles or crop formations Archaeological remains can cause crop marks in the fields in the shapes of circles and squares But days do not appear overnight and they arere always in the same place every year A sixteen seventy eight newews pamphlet The Mowing Devil or strange news out of Hartfordshire describes a crop whose stocks were cut Rather than bnd In sixteen eighty six, an English naturalist Robert Plot repported on rings or arcs of mushrooms in the natural history of Staffordshire exposing air flows from the sky as a cause In nineteen ninety one, meteorologist Terence Meeden linked this report with modern crop circles. A claim that has been compared was those made by Eric Fon Denkan An eighteen eighty letter to the Eeditor of Nature by amateur scientist John Rand Capran describes how several circles of flattened crops in a field forformed under suspicious circumstances possibly caused by cyclonic wind action stating As viewed from a distance, circular respons They all presented much the same character nameamely a few standing stocks as a center Some prostrate stocks with their heads arranged pretty evenly in a direction forming a circle around the center And outside there, a circular wall of stocks which had not suffered In nineteen thirty two, archaeologist E. C. Kurwin observed four dark rings in a field. at stouton down near Chichester I could examine only one a circle in which the barley was lodged or beaten down while the interior area was very slightly mounded up in fourteen times David Wood reported that in nineteen forty He made crop circles near Gloucestershire using ropes In nineteen sixty three, Patrick Moore described a crater in a potato field and Wech sure that he considered was probably caused by an unknown meteoric body in nearby wheat fields There were several circular and elliptical areas where the wheat had been flattened There was evidence of spiral flattening He thought they could be caused by air currents from the impact Sensei led towards the crater Astronomer Hugh Ernest Butler observed similar craters and said they were likely caused by lightning strikes During the nineteen sixties There were many reports of UFO sightings and circular formations in swamp reeds and sugar canane fields ntally Queensland, Australia And in Canada For example, on august eighth, nineteen sixty seven Three circles were found in a field in Dew Hamel, Alberta, Canada The Department of National Defense invvestigators concluded that it was artificial. but couldn't say who made them or how The most famous case is the nineteen sixty six Toully saaucer Nest when a farmer said he witnessed a saucer shaped craft Rise nine or twelve meters from a swamp. and then fly away Opon investigating, they found a nearly circular area ten meters long by eight meters wide where the grass was flattened in clockwise curves to water level within the circle and the reeds had been uprooted from the mud A local police officer, the Royal Australian Air Force and the University of Queensland concluded that it was most probably caused by natural causes likeike a downdraft Willy Willy Test devil or a water spout. In nineteen seventy three, G J. Rodgers, director of Public Relations, Department of Defense, Air Oice wrote to a journalist that the saucer was probably debris lifted by a Willy Willy. After the nineteen sixties, there was a surge of Uphologists in Wilshire And there were rumors of saucer nests appearing in the area. But they were never photographed There are other pre nineteen seventies reports of circular formations especially in Australia and Canada But they were always simple circles which could have been caused by whirlinds. British pranksters, Doug Bower and Dave Chorley R reported they started creating crop circles in British cornfields in nineteen seventy eight inspired by the Tully saucer nest case The first film to depict a geometric crop circle in this case, created by super intelligent ants was the nineteen seventy four science fiction film Phase four The film has been cited as a possible inspiration or influence on the pranksters who started this phenomenon The majority of reports of crop circles have appeared and spread since the late nineteen seventies as many circles began appearing throughout the English countryside Around this time, researcher Colin Andrews began documenting the phenomenon And in nineteen eighty nine, he co authored circular evidence had Doggato. a work that compiled reports and photographs of early formations The phenomenon became widely known in the late nineteen eighties after the media started to report crop circles in Hampshire and Wiltshire. After Bauer and Charleie gave interviews in nineteen ninety one about how they had made crop circles Circles started appearing all over the world By two thousand one, approximately ten thousand crop circles have been reported internationally. from locations such as the former Soviet Union to the United Kingdom Japan The U. S and Canada Researchers have noted a correlation between crop circles recent media coverage and the absence of fencing and or anti trespassy in legislation Although farmers express concern of the damage caused to their crops Local response to the appearance of crop circles was often enthusiastic. With locals taking advantage of the increase of tourism and visits from scientists crops areircle researchers and individuals seeking spiritual experiences The market for crop circle interest consequently generated bus or helicopter tours of circle sites walking tours T shirts. and book sales Since the start of the twenty first century Trp formations have increased in size and complexity with some featuring as many as two thousand different shapes and some incorporating complex mathematical and scientific characteristics The researcher, Jeremy Northcud found that crop circles in the UK in two thousand two were not spread randomly across the landscape They tended to appear near roads. areas of medium to dense population. and cultural heritage monuments such as Stonehenge, Jen Avevery He found that they always appeared in areas that were easy to access. This suggests strongly that these crop circles were more likely to be caused by intentional human action than by paranormal activity Another strong indication of that theory. was that inhabitants of the zone with the most circles had a historical tendency for making large scale formations including stone circles such as Stonehenge, Eth and mounds such as Silby Hill Long barrows. such as West Kenned Longbarrow, and white horses in chalk hills in nineteen ninety one Tw self professed Banksters, Doug Buower and Dave Chorley. made headlines by saying they had started the crop circle phenomenon in nineteen seventy eight Using simple tools consisting of a plank of wood Rg and a baseball capab fitted with a loop of wire to help them walk in straight lines. T prove their case, they made a circle in front of a journalist A serereiologist advocate of paranormal explanations of crop circles Pad Dlgado examined the circle and declared it authentic before it was revealed that it was a hoax. Inspired by Australian crop circle accounts from nineteen sixty six. Bauer and Chorley claimed to be responsible for all circles made prior to nineteen eighty seven. And for more than two hundred crop circles in nineteen seventy eight to nineteen ninety one with one thousand other circles not being made by them Writing in physics world. Richard Daylor of the University of Oregon said that pictographs they created inspired a second wave of crop artists far from fizzling out Crop circles have evolved into an international phenomenon with hundreds of sophisticated pictographs now appearing annually around the globe After reports of simple circles in the nineteen seventies Increasingly complex geometric designs have been created by anonymous artists in some cases to attract tourists to an area since the early nineteen nineties the UK Arts Collective circle makers Founded by Rod Dickinson and John Lunberg and subsequently including Will Russell and Rob Irving. has been creating crop circles in the UK and around the world as part of its art practice and also for commercial clients Colette Zeppelin Box said that was released on september seventh, nineteen ninety along with the remasters of the first box set. as well as the second box said All feature an image of a crop circle that appeared in Eastfield in Alton Barnes, Wilttshire on the night of july eleventh to the twelfth, nineteen ninety two A crop circle making competition was a prize of three thousand pounds funded in part by the Arthur Kessler Foundation was held in Berkshire. The winning entry was produced by three Westland helicopter engineers using Rope. TVC pipe string a telescope device two step ladders. According to Rupert Shelddrake, the competition was organized by him and John Mitchell and co sponsored by the Guardian and the serereiologist prize money came from PM Hey, German magazine Sheld Drake wrote that the experiment was conclusive Humans could indeed make all the features of state of the art crop formations at the time Eleven of the twelve teams made more or less impressive formations that followed the set design In two thousand two, Discovery Channel commissioned five aeronautics and astronautics graduate students from MIT. to create crop circles of their own. aiming to duplicate some of the features claimed to distinguish real crop circles from the known fakes. such as those created by Bau and Chory The creation was recorded and used in the Discovery Channel documentary crop circles Mysteries in the field In two thousand nine, the Gardian reported that crop circle activity had been waning around Wilshire part because makers preferred creating promotional crop circles for companies that paid well for their efforts A video sequence used in connection with the opening of the twenty twelve Summer Olympics in London. showed two crop circles in the shape of the Olympic rings Another Olympic crop circle was visible to passengers landing at nearby Heathrow Airport before and during the games A three hector or seven acres crop circle depicting the emblem of the Star Wars Rebel Alliance was created in California in december twenty seventeen by a father and his eleven year old son as a space port for X wing fighters, The scientific consensus on crop circles is that they are constructed by human beings as hoaxes, advertising or art The most widely known method for a person or group to construct a crop formation is to tie one end of a rope to an anchor point and the other end to a board which is used to crush the plants It is also possible to bend grass without breaking it If it has recently rained, A method that was used to create crop circles in Hungary in nineteen ninety two ics of the paranormal point out that all characteristics of crop circles are fully compatible with their being made by hoaxers. Bu and Chorley confessed in nineteen ninety one to making the first crop circles in southern England. when some people refuse to believe them They deliberately added straight lines and squares to show that they could not have natural causes. in a copycat effect, Increasingly complex circles started appearing in many countries around the world. including fractal figures Physicists have suggested that the most complex formations might be made with the help of GPS and lasers. In two thousand nine, a circle formation was made over the course of three consecutive nights and was apparently left unfinished was some half made circles. The main criticism of alleged non human creation of crop circles is that while evidence of these origins, besides eyewitness testimonies is absent Many are definitely known to be the work of human pranksters. and others can be adequately explained as such There have been cases in which researchers declared crop circles to be the real thing. Only to be confronted was the people who created the circle and documented the fraud such as Bower and Chorley and tabloid Today. Hg seen Pad Delgado The Westig skeptigics and Channel four's Equinox Hoaxe Terrence Meaten or a friend of a Canadian farmer haxing a field researcher of the Canadian crop circle Research network In his nineteen ninety five book The demon haunted world, Science has a candle in the dark, Carl Sagan concludes that crop circles were created by Baower and Chorley and their copycads and speculates that Uphologists willingly ignore the evidence for hoaxing so they can keep believing in an extraterrestrial origin of the circles Many others have demonstrated how complex crop circles can be created Scientific American published an article by Matt Ridley who started making crop circles in Northern England in nineteen ninety one He wrote about how easy it is to develop techniques using simple tools. that can easily fool later observers reported on expert sources such as the Wall Street Journal who had been easily fooled amused about why people want to believe supernatural explanations for phenomena that are not yet explained methods of creating a crop circle are now well documented on the internet Some crop formations are paid for by companies to use them as advertising Many crop circles show human symbols like the hard and arrow symbol of love and stereotyped alien faces Hoaxers have been caught in the process of making new circles such as in two thousand four in the Netherlands It has been suggested that crop circles may be the result of extraordinary meteorological phenomena ranging from freak tornadoes to ball lightning But there is no evidence of any crop circle being created by any of these causes. In eighteen eighty, an amateur scientist, John Rand Kapran. wrote a letter to the editor of Journal Nature. about some circles and crops and blame them on a recent storm saying their shape was suggestive of some cyclonic wind action In nineteen eighty, Tererennce Meeden, a meteorologist and physicist Sppose that the circles were caused by whirlwinds whose course was affected by southern England hills as circles became more complex Parents had to create increasingly complex theories. Flaming an electromagneto hydrodynamic plasma vortex The meteorological theory became popular. And it was even referenced in nineteen ninety one by physicist Stephen Hawking who said that corn circles are either hoaxes or formed by vortex movement of air The weather theory suffered a serious blow in nineteen ninety one. But Hawking's point about hoaxes was supported when Buower and Chorley stated that they had been responsible for making all those circles By the end of nineteen ninety one, Meedon conceded that those circles that its complex designs were made by hoaxers In two thousand nine, the attttorney General for the Island State of Tasmania stated that Australian wallabes had been founded creating crop circles and fields of opium poppies which are grown legally for medicinal use after consuming some of the opiate laden poppies and running in circles In science magazines from the nineteen eighties and nineteen nineties, for example Science Iillustrated One could read reports suggesting that the plants were bented by something that could be microwave radiation rather than broken by physical impact The magazines also contain serious reports of the absence of human influence a measurement of unusual radiation. Today, this is considered to be pseudos science while at the time it was subject of serious research. At that time, it was also more likely that an unknown factor was behind the incidents not least seen in light of the fact that GPS was not available to the public. Since becoming the focus of widespread media attention in the nineteen eighties Crop circles have been the subject of speculation by various paranormal Ephological. and anomalistic investigators ranging from proposals that they were created by bizarre meteorological phenomena, to messages from extraterrestrial beings There's also been speculation that crop circles have a relation to lay lines Some paranormal advocates think that crop circles are caused by ball lightning and that the patterns are so complex that they have to be controlled by some entity Some proposed entities are GAA, asking to stop global warming and human pollution God supernatural beings. For example, Indian divas. The collective minds of humanity through proposed quantum field and extraterrestrial beings Responding to local beliefs that extraterrestrial beings in UFOs were responsible for crop circles bearing The Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space described crop circles as manmade Thomas Jamaludin Research professor of astronomy in astrophysics at Lapen stated We have come to agree that this thing cannot be scientifically proven Among others Paranormal enthusiasts, eologists and anomalistic investigators have offered hypothetical explanations that have been criticized as pseudos scientific by skeptical groups and scientists. including the commommittee for Skeptical Inquiry No credible evidence for extraterrestrial origin has been presented A small number of scientists physicist LGo Hazelhaf The late biophysicist William Levinood claim to obscure differences between the crops inside the circles and outside them citing this as evidence they were not man madeade Leven Good published papers in journal Physiologia Planetarum in nineteen ninety four and nineteen ninety nine In his nineteen ninety four paper, he found that certain deformities in the grain inside the circles were correlated to the position of the grain inside the circle. In nineteen ninety six, Joe Nicholl objected that correlation is not causation raising several objections to Leaing Good's methods and assumptions and said Until this work is independently replicated by qualified scientists doing double blind studies and otherwise following stringent scientific protocols There seems no need to take seriously the main dubious claims that Love and goodood makes including his similar ones involving plants at alleged cattle mutilation sites Nickel also criticized Lev and Good for using circular logic stated in There is in fact, no satisfactory evidence that a single genuine i. e., vortex produced crop circle exists So Levinga's reasoning is circular Although there are no guaranteed genuine formations on which to conduct research The research supposedly proves the genuineness of the formations Advocates of non human causes discount on site evidence of human involvement as attempts to discredit the phenomena When Ridley wrote negative articles in newspapers He was accused of spreading government disinformation of working for the UK Military Intelligence Service MI five Ridley responded by noting that many ciologists make good livings from selling books and providing high priced personal tours through croub fields. An claimed that they have vested interests in rejecting what is by far the most likely explanation for the circles. Patterns similar to crop circles can also be made in snow by using skis, snow shhoes, or just walk in with ordinary shoes Images can be made in forests by cutting trees especially in areas with snow celebrating the Olympic Games in Liluhama, Norway in nineteen ninety four. A three hundred and sixty meter tall, stylized image of an Olympic torch rununner was made in a forest close to one of the arenas Researchers of crop circles have linked modern crop circles to old folkloric tales to support the claim that they are not artificially produced Crop circles are culture dependent They appear mostly in developed and secularized western countries where people are receptive to new age beliefs, including Japan but they do not appear at all in other zones such as Muslim countries, Fungi can cause circular areas of crop to die Proably the origin of tales of fairy rings Tailes also mention balls of light many times but never in relation to crop circles in nineteen forty eight German story. it's full Schwenner the twelve Swans A farmer every morning finds a circle ring of flattened grain in his field after several attempts His son sees twelve princesses disguised as swans to take off their disguises and dance in the field pings produced by fungi may have inspired such tales. Since folklore considers that these rings are created by dancing wolves or fairies