Current Status of Roman Catacombs

This is an IiHart podcast Guaranteed human. Living with a rare autoimmune condition brings uncertainty, but it can also create community. In season six of Untold Stories, Life with a severe autoimmune coondition, they go beyond MG and CIDP, as host Martine Hackett welcomes stories from other conditions like myositis and IGN into the conversation. Untold Stories is produced by Ruby Studio in partnership with Argenics. Listen to Untold Stories, Life with a severe Autoimmune condition on the iHart Radio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts Hey everybody, we are getting ready to go on a trip. We're not packed yet, but our brains definitely are because we have a trip to Bajamar on the horizon. and it's kind of all I can think about. I'm so excited about the food. There are amazing restaurants and lounges there that I'm gonna sample everything I possibly can. I'm going to gaze into the water and mostly I am gonna watch the daily fllamingo parade which might be the thing I'm most excited about. There's also an incredible spa and I know Tracy's going to be takaking advantage of that. There is excited and then there is Bahamar excited. Start planning at bahamar. comot Alienwar's Back to schoolchool event is the perfect time to score top gaming gear with incredible features and advanced engineering to go beyond performance Start your Alienware journey with the Alienware fifteen gaming laptop featuring Intel core processors, game, live stream and multitask for hours on end. Pair your incredibly smooth gaming experience with immersive visuals and sound by saving on sleek alienware monitors, headsets and more. This limited time sale awaits you now at alienware dot com slash deals The oldld gaze are back with Silver Linings, their lovable podcast from Iheart's Ruby Studio in partnership with VV Healthcare. Robert, Mick, Bill and Jessse strut back down memory Lane for season two, sharing lessons on life, love, and loss. These are the kind of insights that only come from experience. So tune in to Silver Linings with the oldld Gazayse on the Iheart Radio app casts or wherever you get your podcasts Snoring, gasping for air during sleep, daytime sleepiness. I'm Shquil O'Neill and this shouldn't be anybody's experience. As your doctor about Zbound to zepatyime, The first SZNOi FDA approved prescription medicine from moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea in adults with obesity TZzbound is a prescription medicine used with a reduced calorie diet and increased physical activity to help adults with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea, OSA, and obesity to improve their OSA. Zbound is approved as a two point five, five, seven point five, ten, twelve point five, or fifteen milligram injection. Zbound contains trizepetide and should not be used with other trizepotide containing products or any GLP one receptor agonist medicines It is not known if ZPBound is safe and effective for use in children Don't share needles or pens or reuse needles. Don't take if allergic to it, or if you or someone in your family had Medary thyroid cancer, or if you've had multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type two. Tell your doctor if you get a lump or swelling in your neck. Stop step bound and call your doctor if you have severe stomach pain or a serious allergic reaction. Severe side effects may include inflamed pancreas or gallbladder problems Tell your doctor if you experience vision changes before scheduled procedures with anesthesia. If you're nursing, pregnant, planant to be or taking birth control pills, taking Zbound with a sulfonyal urea or insulin may cause low blood sugar side effects include nausea, diarrhea and vomiting, which can cause dehydration and worsen kidney problems. Talk to your doctor. callall one eight hundred five four five five nine sevven nine or visit zbound. liily d. com Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production of iHart Radio. Cast, I'm Holly Fry. And I'm Tracy V. Wilson. It's time for some catacombs talk. Yeah. Listen, this is a little bit of wish fulfillment for me because I have not been to the Catacombs in Rome, but I sure want to. It just has not ever happened when I've been there Now it's a good excuse to go back It's on my list for any future visits, but the story of the Roman catacombs is one that's always been really interesting to me because it is so very different from the story we've told on the show before about the caticoos of Paris Romes are much older. They were created for very different reasons U So we're going to talk about them today. I want to give you a heads up. if you are a person that knows about them and loves them We're not getting into the art. There's a lot of cool art in the Roman catacombs. That could be its own whole party train and I would love for it to be. But today we're really talking about like more of the mechanics of how these came to be, why they came to be, et cera. We're going to talk about the circumstances that led to their creation, their rediscovery after centuries of abandonment and their status today A description of the Roman catacombs, published in eighteen fifty seven, opens this way, quote, The Roman catacombs may be briefly described as labyrinths of subterranean galleries crossing one another in every direction and here and there opening into chambers more or less lofty and spacious. The whole hwn with the most exacting regularity out of the living rock whose entire walls present a series of narrow shelves one above the other. evidently excavated for the purpose of receiving the bodies of the dead, and afterward closed with facings of tile or marble on which there were often inscribed the names of the persons buried within From that passage, already some key differences between the catacombs of Rome And those of Paris, which we've talked about on the show before, we reaired that episode, I think in October of twenty twenty three The Parisian catacombs were a solution to a public health crisis that was caused by the city's cemeteries being woefully overfilled causing a number of problems. So the dead were moved into limestone quarries under the outskirts of the city turning those quarries into catacombs. This happened in the eighteenth century, but Rome was creating catacombs well before that all the way back to the first century Yeah, that writing that Tracy just mentioned is It's from the nineteenth century and it's like during a time when people were getting really excited about the Roman catacombs again Um person that wrote that would end up working with one of the people that we are going to talk about late in the episode So the catacombs are believed to have been created in the first or second century as a way for people to bury their dead according to a custom that was not allowed within the city of Rome Rome at this time was pagan The standard practice was to cremate the dead. We'll talk a little bit about shifting friends in how the dead were treated But cremation was not a practice that was part of Jewish and Christian traditions Burial of the dead in the city of Rome was forbidden by law at the time. We'll talk more about that law This is the very simple version to kind of get us into the intro, but to really look at the context of the catacombs, we have to talk a little bit about Jewish and Christian religion in Rome and how people who identified as Jewish or Christian were treated and how they lived alongside Other Romans So the early centuries of Rome's Jewish population, which Of course that goes back before the development of Christianity. Those early centuries are complicated. They feature cycles of conflict and relative peace. There are accounts of Jewish people living in Rome as far back as the second century BCE Rome expelled its Jewish population on several occasions, including in one thirty nine BCE, amid accusations that they were attempting to convert Romans Then again in nineteeenh CE for an assortment of accusations ranging from fraud to disorderly conduct, And then in the year forty nine, when Claudius banished the Jewish population That last one is described in the works of Suetonius as Claudius expelling them quote, as the Jews were making constant disturbances at the instigation of Crestest Whether or not Crestus was Jesus Christ is a matter that biblical scholars continue to examine, and that's way outside the scope of this episode. After each of these expulsions, there was always a reversal of the policy, and often that was quite soon after it had been issued During the reigns of Julius Caesar and Augustus, so in the time from the middle of the first century BCE to the early first century CE There was legislation put in place that protected the practice of the Jewish religion This was a period of just constantly shifting sands of att least somewhat acceptance and expulsion for Rome's Jewish population Another text that gives us insight into the Jewish population of Rome in the first century is the account of Josephus, who was born in Jerusalem in thirty six or thirty seven CE, and wrote autobiographical accounts of his life, which include the story of the Jewish revolt against Roman occupation of Judea in the year sixty six That revolt is often referred to as the Great Revolt and also the first Jewish Roman War. And Josephus was a general in that revolt This is also a massive historical moment with a lot of context that we're not diving into here, but the germane aspect is that though there were early victories for the Jewish side, eventually they were defeated. Josephus describes the Romans destroying the temple in Jerusalem in the year seventy and that this war displaced many Jews, including a large number that were captured and enslaved So the important thing to note here is that at that point, there were both free and enslaved Jewish people living in Rome Christianity began in Judea in the first century and then quickly spread throughout the Roman Empire Reaching Rome by the middle of the first century, although in small numbers And it was viewed with deep suspicion by the existing Roman population which remained polytheistic At times, Rome's Jewish residence had gained kind of a grudging tolerance by the Romans because the Jewish religion was considered to be ancient But Christianity was really an upstart and its followers were considered to be very aggressive in their desire to convert other people, which Rome si is a big problem The Great Fire of Rome, which started on july eighteenth of the year ' sixty nine and lasted for six days was blamed on Christians By the end of the first century, it was a crime to be Christian in Rome, and that crime was punishable by death Over the following centuries, Christians, as the Jews before them, face this roller coaster of persecution and kind of a fragile acceptance in the city Coming up, we're going to circle back to how all of this resulted in catacombbs being created to bury the dead. But first, we are going take a quick sponsor break. Living with a rare autoimmune condition can bring a lot of uncertainty, but it can also bring people together in powerful ways. Tune in for seeason six of Untold stories, Life with a severe autoimmune condition, a Ruby Studio production in partnership with Argenics. This season, host Martine Hackett brings you fresh stories from people living with MG and CIDP and expands the conversation to people living with other rare conditions like myositis and IGAM Through their stories, you'll learn what it's like to participate in clinical trials seeking new treatments, how connection fuels hope, and how people can support one another along the way. Because living with a rare disease isn't about getting through it, it's about moving forward together. Listen to Untold stories, life with a severe autoimmune condition on the IiHart radio app Apple Podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts Alrighty, there is excited and then there is vacation excited. and we are vacation excited right now because we have a trip planned to Baja Mar in Nassaugh. To be honest, I'm kind of mentally already checked in and I have a beautiful drink in my hand. What I love about this is that you can do it your way. There are three luxury hotels all in one place, the Refined Rosewood, the playfully hip SLS, or the stylish Grand Hyatt. So no matter what your vibe is, if it's relaxed, if it's glam, if it's kind of somewhere in between You're covered and then there is everything else. This is like an embarrassment of options. There are more than forty five restaurants, bars and lounges, incredible chefs, incredible drinks. I'm going be all over that. There is a lot of great nightlife that you can get into like the John Baptiste Jazz Club, which I am also very excited about. If you are a family going to visit, there's a fifteen acre water park and what I am also excited about shark and sea turtle encounters brring themem on and don't even get me started about the daily flamingo parade. If you're into sporty stuff, all there. There is a golf course, tennis, pickleball, anything you can think of. Tracy's gonna spend a lot of time at the spa and we are gonna to spend a lot of time enjoying ourselves. There's excited and then there is Baha Mar vacation exxcited. Start planning your perfect getaway at bahamar dot com So you're considering getting a home security system, But you want something that fits your space? Well, with ADT Blue, it's easy to customize a system that's right for you and set it up yourself. Just pick the kit and monitoring plan that makes sense for your home. Let's say you're worried about package theft. 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Just wait until you hear what hosts Robert, McBill, and Jessse have in store this time around. They strut back down memory lane, navigating life loveove, loss, and everything that shaped them along the way. And as usual, someone just might break into song. From leather bars to bathhouses, dance floors to drag brunch, nothing stays off limits. These are the kinds of insights that can only come from experience. So listen to your elders, honey, and discover the silver linings you can take with you All S, zero filter, and decades of perspective from four friends, proving that queer joy only gets better with age on the podcast that never gets old. Listen to Silver Linings available on the iHart Radio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Dude, my kid loves Marvel Spider Man now. No way. How? Lingo kids, they have Spider Man themed activities. It's completely safe, like if someone took our comics and made them perfect for a four year old. I still hang on to my old collection. Does it have Disney Moana too? My daughter is obsessed. Disney Moana, Frozen, Zootopia, It's all in there. I'm downloading this right now. Full of fun activities inspired by beloved stories from Disney and more, Lingo Kids is where littleittle ones discover more about favorite characters And maybe yours too. Everything kids love. Download it for free Both Jewish and Christian practices regarding burials specified that the body was to be kept intact. But as we mentioned, this was in conflict with Roman law, at least in terms of anything that could be done within the city. That law was part of what were known as the twwelve tables. These are regarded as the beginning of Rome's legal system The twelve tables were composed by a commission of ten men in four hundred and fifty one and four hundred and fifty BCE. Once they were ratified, they were engraved onto twelve bronze tables and displayed in the forum those bronzes are unfortunately lost to time, and we don't have all of the text of the twelve tables today What we have are fragments that were found in written references to them. So instances where they were quoted while someone was often discussing something else What we know of the laws regarding burials include the edict that states, quote, a dead person shall not be buried or burned in the city Additionally, there are some other rules about limiting the degree of public mourning. not having more than one funeral for a given person, not wasting resources by burying gold, spices, incense, etceter with remains, and where funeral pyrres and burning mounds could be erected in relation to other buildings So for religions that called for the burial of an intact body, this meant burial was going to have to happen outside the city which is how the catacombs came to be. Jewish residents of the city are believed to have been the first to use catacombs to lay their dead to rest. An important aspect of Rome's catacombs is how important they are to Jewish history According to Leonard Victor Rutger's writing in proceedings of the World Congress of Jewish Studies in nineteen eighty nine, quote, The Jewish catacombs of ancient Rome Fm the largest coherent body of archaeological material from late antiquity pertaining to Jewish life outside Israel Though there had been written information about the Jewish community of ancient Rome, the catacombs offer a unique opportunity to compare physical evidence with those accounts to gain a clearer picture of that community and its rituals But one thing that Rutgers points out in this writing that there's no way to know if there were any quote Jewish Christians, i. e. Jews that accepted Jesus Christ as the Son of God and raised from the dead, and at the same time continued to observe Mosaic laaw. buried in the Jewish catacombs Identifying which catacombs had been used for Jewish burial was done based on the funerary inscriptions on the tombs there, which had Greek and Latin writing, in combination with the identification of Jewish motifs in the surrounding wall art and sometimes small motifs that were carved into those stones that closeed the catacombs Those catacombs were also identified by just the lack of Christian or pagan symbology within them But this also gives an incomplete picture because there are catacomb sites in the area around Rome that are unreachable or that have been destroyed or have caved in. So the written record and the archaeological record don't entirely match up The written record establishes a Jewish community in Rome as early as the first century BCE or perhaps even earlier So it has long been assumed that the Jewish catacombs were in use sometime shortly thereafter But the archaeological record only has evidence of them that begins in the early third century. Bicker's paper analyzes things like brickwork, painting styles, brick stamps, etcet, to be able to conclude with confidence The Jewish catacombs were actively used for sure in the third to fifth centuries But that the beginning and end of their use cannot be conclusively identified on the timeline He also makes the case that the practice of burial being adopted instead of cremation was probably taking place simultaneously among the Jewish population, Christians, and even some pagans We do know that Christians also adopted the use of catacombs This started, according to the Vatican under the direction of Pope Zeeron, who was Pope from one hundred and ninety nine to two hundred seventeen He wanted to have an underground cemetery prepared so that pontiffs could be laid to rest there The process of burials there was a lot like what we described in the opening passage that we read earlier. So bodies were wrapped in cloth and then put into the hollowed out shelves of rock And then a stone was placed in the front of that hollow to close it with the name of the person interred there and often a symbol of the Christian religion Also, to be clear, there were still tombs for the dead created for Rome's pagan population, both for cremated and non cremated bodies Cremation had become the most popular method of handling corpses in the fifth century BCE, but there were still people practicing full body burials throughout the time periods that we're talking about. They still had to be interred outside the city, but families of wealth and even a lot of the middle class had private mausoleums built on land outside the walls of Rome. That land was extremely expensive. so there were also shared burial spaces that families with less money could buy into to inter their dead, both intact and cremated without having to own land and build a private mausoleum Jewish and Christian communities though, needed to bury all of their dead Because of their religious beliefs, there was no option to switch to cremation to try to mitigate overcrowding and lack of land resources in a growing metropolis Mausoleums were simply not realistic, which is why large shared underground spaces were created And this was also not a new idea in the region. The Etruscan civilization which flourished from the eighth to the third century BCE. elaborate underground facilities There are no Etruscan underground burial sites in or immediately adjacent to Rome, at least not that anybody has found Two of these, the Banditacha Necropolis in Curveti and the Montarazzi Necropolis in Tarquinia are both less than an hour's drive away today Yeah, one thing that I found while looking at a lot of scholarship about this is that there are even some papers and some examinations that kind of make the leap to thinking that possibly the Jewish population made use of existing catacombs that had been Eruscan origin But we don't really have a good way to know that, at least not yet Jewish and Christian burials, as well as some pagan ones, continued in the catacombs exclusively into the early fourth century At the beginning of the fourth century, in the year three hundred three, Emperor Diocletian initiated an intense persecution of Christians This is always described as the worst persecution of all of them in Rome and resulted in the torture and deaths of a lot of people this went on for eight years, during which Despite that danger, the numbers of Christians in the city continued to rise Finally, in three hundred and eleven, Emperor Galarius, who had ascended to the role of Emperor in three hundred five And who was, by the way, deeply against Christianity surprisingly issued an Edict of tolerance. That was the Edict of Sirdica. end that long persecution By the time Galerius was emperor, he was one of two under a system established by Diocletion in two hundred ninety three known as the tetrarchy The Roman empire was jointly ruled by two emperors, one to manage the East and one to manage, the west Each of them had their own designated successors who worked under them This was intended to create stability for the empire, but unsurprisingly There were often problems The time of Constantine I, who ruled the West starting in July of three o six, and Licinius, who became an emperor in november three hundred o eight, was one in which there was a lot of conflict between the two emperers. So much conflict. There are just reams and reams of papers written about this conflict. But one thing that they did agree on was the Edict of Milan in three hundred thirteen This was an alliance in which they agreed to grant freedom of religion to everyone, but they specifically called out Christians A translation of the first section of this edict reads, quote, when I, Constantine Augustus, as well as I, Licinius Augustus, had fortunately met near Medolanum, Milan, and were considering everything that pertained to the public welfare and security, we thought that among other things which we saw would be for the good of many, those regulations pertaining to the reverence of the divinity ought certainly be made first so that we might grant to the Christians and to all others full authority to observe that religion which each preferred whenence any divinity whatsoever in the seat of the heavens may be propitious and kindly disposed to us and all who are placed under our rule. And thus, by this wholesome councsel and most upright provision, we thought to arrange that no one whatsoever should be denied the opportunity to give his heart to the observance of the Christian religion or of that religion which he should think best for himself, so that the suupreme deity to whose worship we freely yield our hearts may show in all things his usual favor and benevolence Therefore, your worship should know that it has pleased us to remove all conditions whatsoever, which were in the rescripts formerly given to you officially concerning the Christians. and now any one of these who wishes to observe the Christian religion may do so freely and openly without any disturbance or molestation We thought it fit to commend these things most fully to your care that you may know that we have given to those Christians free and unrestricted opportunity of religious worship When you see that this has been granted to them by us, your worship will know that we have also conceded to other religions the right of open and free observance of their worship for the sake of the peace of our times, that each one may have the free opportunity to worship as he pleases. This regulation is made that we may not seem to detract aught from any dignity or any religion Kind of love that there's a little bit of a bet hedge in there of like whatever God is the one Be cool. We're cool with whoever you whoever follows you This edict also called for the return of all goods and wealth that had been seized to be given back to the Christians. So from that point on, Christians were able to establish churches and cemeteries, meaning they could conduct their burial rituals in the city proper But even though burial was allowed in the city, and a large number of churches were built and included cemeteries or even places within the buildings for the dead, homes did not instantly fall out of use. They were actively part of Christian burials for more than a hundred more years Even after Christianity was declared the official religion of the Roman Empire by Eperor Theodosius with the Edict of Thessalonica in three hundred and eighty Over the next several centuries, as burials in the catacombs became less frequent A different activity was on the rise in them, and that was looting There were also religious services performed there on occasion, but looting became a real problem. Reading different accounts of the Catacombbss history, a lot of different groups have been blamed for that looting. Mostly it was holy relics that were being taken from burial sites. In reality, it was probably a lot of different people over time. There's no one perpetrator It's sometimes said to have started with Christians removing relics since they no longer had to literally keep their sacred items underground And other accounts point fingers at the various groups who have invaded Rome since the fourth century, including the Visigoths, the vandals, the Byzantines, and the Lombards This eventually led the Vatican to initiate a move of the relics from the catacombs to churches around the city where they could be carearefully watched and safeguarded With the removal of the relics, the church also removed the reason that people had still been visiting the catacombs. and over time they were more or less abandoned and forgotten Additionally, while they were outside the city's original walls, as the city grew and expanded past those old boundaries, new neighborhoods were built on top of the catacombs and people just sort of lost track of where they were until they were rediscovered by a man named Antonio Bzio. And we'll talk about him after we hear from the sponsors that keep Stuff you Missed in History Class going Living with a rare autoimmune condition can bring a lot of uncertainty, but it can also bring people together in powerful ways. Tune in for season six of Untold Stories, Life with a severe autoimmune condition, a Ruby Studio production in partartnership with Arenics. This season, host Martine Hackett brings you fresh stories from people living with MG and CIDP and expands the conversation to people living with other rare conditions like myositis and IGAM Through their stories, you'll learn what it's like to participate in clinical trials seeking new treatments, how connection fuels hope, and how people can support one another along the way. Because living with a rare disease isn't about getting through it, it's about moving forward together. Listen to Untold stories, life with a severe autoimmune condition on the Hart radio app Apple Podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts Alrighty, there is excited and then there is vacation excited. and we are vacation excited right now because we have a trip planned to Baha Mar in Nassau. To be honest, I'm kind of mentally already checked in and I have a beautiful drink in my hand What I love about this is that you can do it your way. There are three luxury hotels all in one place, the Reined Rosewood, the playfully hip SLS, or the stylish Grand Hyatt. no matter what your vibe is, if it's relaxed, if it's glam, if it's kind of somewhere in between, you're covered. and then there is everything else. This is like an embarrassment of options. There are more than forty five restaurants, bars and lounges Incredible chefs, incredible drinks. I'm going to be all over that. There is a lot of great nightlife that you can get into like the John Baptiste Jazz Club, which I am also very excited about. If you are a family going to visit, there's a fifteen acre water park and what I am also excited about shark and sea turtle encounters, bring them on and don't even get me started about the daily flamingo parade If you're into sporty stuff, all there. There is a golf course, tennis, pickleball, anything you can think of. Tracy's gonna spend a lot of time at the spa and we are gonna spend a lot of time enjoying ourselves. There's excited and then there is Baha Mar vacation excited. Start planning your perfect getaway at bahamar. com Guess who's back in the house The Old Gays return for seeason two of Silver Linings, their hit podcast from IiHart's Ruby Studio in partnership with VV Healthcare. Just wait until you hear what hosts Robert, McBill, and Jessse have in store this time around. They strreut back down memory lane, navigating life Love, loss, and everything that shaped them along the way. And as usual, someone just might break into song. From leather bars to bathhouses, dance floors to drag brunch, nothing stays off limits. These are the kinds of insights that can only come from experience. So listen to your elders, honey, and discover the silver linings you can take with you All Sass, zero filter, and decades of perspective from four friends, proving that queer joy only gets better with age on the podcast that never gets old. Listen to Silver Linings available on the iHart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts Dude, my kid loves Marvel Spider Man now. No way. How? Lingo kids, they have Spider Man themed activities. It's completely safe, like if someone took our comics and made them perfect for a four year old. I still hang on to my old collection. Does it have Disney Moana too? My daughter is obsessed. Disney Moana, Frozen, Zootopia, It's all in there. I'm downloading this right now. Full of fun activities inspired by beloved stories from Disney and more. Lingo Kids is where littleittle ones discover more about favorite characters And maybe yours too Everything kids love. Download it for free Snoring, gasping for air during sleep, daytime sleepiness. I'm Shiquil O'Neill, and this shouldn't be anybody's experience. Ask your doctor about Zet bound to zipotyinee. the first SZnOi FDA approved prescription medicine for moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea in adults with obesity Trizbound is a prescription medicine used with a reduced calorie diet and increased physical activity to help adults with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea, OSA, and obesity to improve their OSA. Zbound is approved as a two point five, five, seven point five, ten, twelve point five, or fifteen milligram injection. Zbound contains trizepppetide and should not be used with other trizpetide containing products or any GLP one receptor agonist medicines It is not known if ZPBound is safe and effective for use in children Don't share needles or pens or reuse needles. Don't take if allergic to it, or if you or someone in your family had Medillary thyroid cancer, or if you've had multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type two. Tell your doctor if you get a lump or swelling in your neck. Stop step bound and call your doctor if you have severe stomach pain or a serious allergic reaction. Svere side effects may include inflamed pancreas or gallbladder problems Tell your doctor if you experience vision changes before scheduled procedures with anesthesia. If you're nursing, pregnant, plan to be or taking birth control pills, taking Zepbound with a sulfonal urea or insulin may cause low blood sugar Side effects include nausea, diarrhea and vomiting, which can cause dehydration and worsen kidney problems Talk to your doctor. callall one eight hundred five four five five nine seven nine or visit zepbound. liily. com Antonio Bosio was born in fifteen seventy five or fifteen seventy six in Malta. He is recorded by historian Bartolomeo del Pozzo as having been the child of Bali Gionoto, a knight of the Order of St John who had taken a vow of chastity That would have made his existence a little bit problematic. And that was compounded by the fact that his mother was either a servant or an enslaved woman. The way it's written in the old record, it's unclear. They mean when they refer to her When Antonio was twelve, he was adopted and he was raised by his uncle, Geromo Bzio, who lived in Rome. And over time, any mentions of Antonio's parentage seem to have been left out of his life story. so his uncle Jacamo became essentially his parent Antonio Bzio was apparently a bit wild in his youth, but as he matured, he became a serious scholar He got a law degree in practice for several years, but he was also a history buff and was specifically fascinated with early Christian history So we started exploring any places that held traces of the religion's earliest days. and that led him to the underground cemeteries of the city He explored them in a very meticulous and careful manner cataloging as much as he could about everything that he saw there. He started working out a book detailing the catacombs that he had explored, but he died on september sixth, sixteen twenty nine before it was ready to go to print It was basically complete, but it needed editing Bosio willed everything that he had to the Order of Malta, and the grand master of the orrder at the time, Antoine de Paul was convinced that the manuscript should go to press Rom' Sotareania underground Rome, was published in the sixteen thirties, and it is often cited with creating the bedrock methodology and ideology of modern archaeology His interpretations of what he had seen and explored were incorrect in some instances. He thought the catacombs had been hiding places where Christians hold up during times of persecution was not what they were used for But he captivated readers with his descriptions of these underground cities. He had also commissioned artists to create imagery of many of the things he had described to be included in the book. and he had studied early Christianity and was able to historically contextualize a lot of the areas that he explored This writing was also a boon to the Catholic Church. and the decades after Martin Luther's kickoff of the Protestant Reformation in fifteen seventeen Support for the papacy had fallen off very steeply, but Bzio's writings about martyrs laid to rest in subterranean Roman cities a new interest in Catholicism and in religious relics that might also be there Some of these, including skeletons of martyrs, many of them clad in armor, became important symbols of the Catholic Church's fight against the Protestants. A lot of these so called cororpicanti or catacomb saints were sent to Catholic churches around Europe to try to bolster interest in and devotion to the church I know he said earlier that the relics were taken out of the catacombbs by the church, but they did not ge everything because at that point some catacombs were completely lost Um If you're wondering how he even found these or knew about them, in truth Antonio Oosio was not the first person to have come upon the catacombs after they had been abandoned. According to another book, which is also titled Roma Sotarania, which was published in eighteen sixty nine based on the work of Giovanni Batista D Rosi Laborers digging in a vineyard had found a subterranean cemetery at the end of fifteen seventy eight when Antonio Bosio was just a toddler The discovery quote at once attracted universal attention and persons of all classes flocked to see it More than a century before that, a vineyard on the other side of the city had yielded a similar discovery But apparently the scholars of the day, according to this book, quote, never have felt sufficient interest to excite them to investigate their history, or to publish anything at all about them Derosi is the next person who represented another huge step forward in terms of our understanding of the Roman catacombs Public fascination with the catacombs had been sparked with the publication of Bosio's work That interest kind of faded off outside of religious and academic circles It took a couple more centuries for another dedicated archaeologist to expand that work Giovanni Batista Di Rossi was born in Rome on february twenty third, eighteen twenty two His father was military officer Camila Luigi Dorosi and his mother was Mariana Marquesa Bruti