Spontaneous Generation and Life Origins

This is an IiHart podcast Guaranteed human. And I turned off news altogether. I hate to say it, but I don't trust much of anything It's the ragebait. It feels like it's trying to divide people If we got clear facts, maybe we could calm down a little NBC News brings you clear reporting. Let's meet at the facts. Let's move forward from there NBC News, repeporting for America Aima is unpredictable. But you can flare less with FGLS, a once monthly treatment for moderate severe eczema. After an initial four month or longer dosing phase, about four in ten people taking EGLS achieved itch relief and glare are almost cleare skin at sixteen weeks, and most of those people maintain skin that's still more clear at one year, with monthly dosing. EGlS liibap LBKZ a two hundred fifty migram per two milliliter injection is a prescription medicine used to treat adults and children twelve years of age and older who weigh at least eighty eight pounds or forty kilograms with moderate to severe eczema Also called a topopic dermatitis that is not well controlled with prescription therapies used on the skin or topicals, or who cannot use topical therapies. EBGlS can be used with or without topical corticoosteroids. Don't use if you're allerg to EBGlIS. Allergic reactions can occur that can be severe. eye problems can occur. Tell your doctor if you have new or worsening eye problems. You should not receive a live vaccine when treated with EBGlS. Before starting EBGlS, tell your doctor if you have a parasitic infection Ask your doctor about EBlus and visit Eglus. liily dot com or call one eight hundred Lily R X or one eight hundred five four five five nine seven nine. What's up? Summer's got a different tem up Everything's a little looser, brighter. One plan turns into another. When hear something, you stay a little longer. Next thing you know, you're somewhere you didn't plan to be. It's those in between moments. That's where the ideas hit. Conversations stretch out, littleittle memories sneak up on you. sometometimes it's just about what's in your hand. that color, that chill, the new tropical butterfly refresher from Starbucks Wuava and Passion frruit flavors with mango pineapple flavored pearls. Yeah, that feels like summer before you even taste it. Funny out one small stop becomes the best part of the day. Start your summer rhythm with Starbucks. Try the new Tropical butterfly Reresher from Starbucks Hey, everybody, we're up to, I think number five on the list of our science playlist h and this is a good one. Things we believe before the scientific method I remember really enjoying this one. so I hope you dive in Right now Welcome to Stuff You should Know Production of IiHart Radio Hey and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh and there's Chuck and Jerry's here too and this is stuff you should know. So let's get Jiggy with science editition You know you're about to get Jiggy chuck. With it? Yeah, with it. And it is this episode. about what people believe before the scientific method Yeah, you know, we have a pretty good episode on the scientific method and we have talked about some of this stuff here and there throughout years like, you know, early science and it's easy to make fun of that stuff. Right But we are here not to make fun of it and not necessarily to defend it, but to just put it into perspective of whereere these people were at the time. And you can see how a lot of this stuff made sense at the time See? That was as jiggy as it comes. All right, seeee you later. Yeah, that was really well put. And just as a refresher real quick, so you don't have to pause and go back and listen to our scientific method of So you can if you want, But if you don't feel like doing that, the scientific method is just basically a plan to keep yourself from going down blind alleys or being misled by what seems to be the case but isn't necessarily the case. Sometimes your own eyes can lie to you. And it basically says is based on, you know, data you've collected or Th things you've observed form a hypothesis like this happens because of this figure out how to test it Test it Look at the results. Did it support the hypothesis? Did it not support the hypothesis and either keep going forward or go back to square one And by testing it That's where the scientific method really shines And before the scientific method, people didn't do that They use their eyes, the empiricists They formed um theories, the rationalists or dogmatists, They performed experiments, The Methodists This' really what they called them. But they didn't actually like test this stuff And so they were able to create these theories that were totally wrong. Sometimes we're really right, but in a lot of cases, we're really wrong. And those things were adopted for like thousands of years in some cases Yeah, because a lot of science was mixed up with philosophy for a long, long time And as you'll see with some of these like If you if you had a good enough sort of philosophical thought about something and other people said, Hey, that makes sense and you kept repeating it a lot. then At the time, people were like, well, that's good enough for us Yeah, which meant also if philosophy was in there, you had to also had to explain why. more than be reliably consistent in its results So one of the first ones that I think people think of when they think of ancient science is the four humors, humors of medicine. which was somethingomething that came along from Hippocrates all the way back in I think the fourth or fifth century BCE and was in place until the sixteen hundreds, essentially. That was how people practiced medicine I mean, that's a long run. Hippocrates probably did not make it up himself. It's theorize that he probably brought it over or he didn't necessarily, but it was brought over to the Greeks Maybe from India, maybe from Egypt. But Hippocrates ran with it and then Galen really ran with it and Galen is who is U probablyrobably most people think of Galen when they think of the humors, the four humors. R. But Hugh Morere H U MO R is Latin meaning fluid and that's basically what they're talking about with the four hum humds, almost it humids. The four hums, which are the fluids of the body And we should just name them quickly, I think. Yeah Flim. Yeah, you got blood And then you got the two biles. You got black bile and yellow bile And those things are not just the sum total of what was studied or what was responsible for ill health or for health they almost stood in for a bunch of other things too, like your energy could be low or angry or overly happy. and all those were associated with different humors, right? So I think it was Palamar University website on it basically put it like more than just fluids themselves, You could think of the humors as those things that flow flluids, energy, that kind of stuff. Yeah And all these humors also had complexions. They had They were either wet or dry, cold or hot And there were combinations of those But not's not literally that. No a little confusing. It's super duper confusing. and I think this is an example of what happens when People over a couple thousand years kind of contribute to stuff. It gets a little off kilter Yeah, like blood is hot and wet, but that didn't necessarily mean they're saying that when you touch blood, it was hot to the touch. Right. It's almost like what a sin syesthesic approach right to the body. Yeah. we'll put like water is cold. Boiling water is cold, ice is hot I don't understand some of it. Exactly, right? So the upshot of it was is that each humor was hot and hot or has it had a temperature and a humidity hot or cold, wet or dry and depending on What symptoms you had? you either had like a hot and wet Diseease, right? or cold and dry disease. And it sounds better. The treatment was to use the opposite So I think pneumonia was cold and wet because it came on during the winter, which is very cold and wet around the Mediterranean at the time. And you would treat that with something warm and dry. So herbs were warm and dry. You would use herbs to treat pneumonia And the whole pursuit was just to regain balance. Each person at a P I I guess ordained balance. of those four humors. and when they got out of whack, that's when you were you came down with the disease Yeah. so you've heard about you know, forcing yourself to vomit orr, you know, the bleeding, the old great Steve Martin sketch from Saturday Aight Live years ago, you just need a good bleeding U That's what they were doing. They were trying to get you back into balance by removing whatever humor they thought you know, either the Fim or the blood thought would You needed you had an excess of at the time. to bring you back into homeostasis. So They were again They were wrong, but you know, things like homeostasis, they were on the right track with some of this some of these ideas at least. For sure. Yeah, and that's I think kind of a recurring theme in this. when you look in on ancient science and ancient knowledge It's like they kind of had like the contours of some of these and that's a good example of that. I Contours. Eactly So it wasn't until Paracelsus who came up, I think in our xenobiotics episode M. When he came along, he he was definitely in outlier and an outsider thinker and he was like, I think Galen was just really wrong. This stuff just doesn't quite add up Yeah U and I think William Harvey who is an English, I think physician In sixteen sixteen, he showed that the heart pumps blood And that just completely undermined the humoral medicine thought that these humors moved around the body through attractive forces. And you know, again, this is one of those kind of what I said in the intro. like this is one of those that people believed and got on board with because It made sense at the time It was something that they We're very persistent about And if you're persistent about something, even if it wasn't proven at the time, that was that was enough for people. It was the consistency of sort of the idea. that's repeated over and over that got people on board for a long time, hundreds of years Yeah, and I think it's interesting like the humoral medicine is still one of the foundations of ayurvedtic medicine from India. and that's why they think it might have come from India originally to Greece But the basis of it is that you use like movement and diet to keep your humors in balance That was kind of the basis of the Greek interpretation too, but then they took it too far and started using it to treat disease. doing all sorts of weird stuff So now we have modern medicine and modern medicine likes to disown its predecessors, but it wouldn't be here if we didn't have things like humoral medicine first U with Galen y not U you have sneakily not mentioned that this is Oh, that's right It's a top five, maybe part one of a top ten. Wh knows? Yeah, we'll see. Should we try and knock out the next one? Yeah, I say that. I say so. I agree. That's what I say All right, this one's interesting. and this has to do with Yeah it sounds a little wacky But again, you have to keep in mind where they were at the time. So this is the idea put forth by how do you pronounce that name I'm going with um Itdxis, Butdoxis. Eudoxis? Yeah, I think eudoxis All right, Eudoxus of Nedos was born between three hundred and ninety five and three hundred ninety BCC live to kind of early to mid fifties. And he came along and said, all right, I've got some pretty radical things to throw out there that are five foold partart one, the Earth is the center of the universe. Check And everyone is like Sounds reasonable. And it was reasonable at the time, and we'll talk about that in a second. Number two, all celestial motion is circular. Roger. Number three, all celestial motion is regular. Number four, the center of the path of any celestial motion is the same. the center of its motion All right And then number five, the center of all celestial motion is the center of the universe. Uh, and I said, you know, he can't be blamed for that first one, even though he was wrong about geocentrism. At the time when you stood on the planet and you looked up and you saw you know, stars sort of moving and other things moving in a circle around the Earth, you probably felt like you were the center of the universe. Exactly. I mean, it would just make sense. You'd be a fool to think otherwise because there's no indication that the Earth itself is also moving. It seems like everything else is moving around the Earth. So it's not so far fetched to think that other Earth is the center of the universe. Part of it also tied into that natural philosophy thing where Humans were the center of the universe. They were like the creation of the gods. And of course, why would Earth be anything but the center of the universe But it also had to do with practical stuff like what they saw with their own eyes Yeah, like he wasn't the first person to come up with this like this is been around for a long time and he was just sort of officially reaffirming it. But he was the first person to give us a model O of the movement of the cosmos, of Celestial bodies moving through the sky and trying to explain it And somebody who came before him An Aximenes. with that He was the first one to say, Hey, I've got it. This is back in the sixth century BCE. Um It's shells. Everything exists in shells Man Yeah, the idea that like I mean it almost sounds like he was creating little miniature Galaxies And like everything we see is contained inside its own little miniature galaxy, like literally contained in a shell. Yes, but all of these shells are rotating in different orbits around Earth. Right, but they can affect one another, right Or did that come along later? That came along with eudoxis. So anX and manyes basically said it's shells. and then eudoxis was the first one to really lay out explanation of theory for how these shells worked. And I think he came up with twenty seven different shells S shells head Shells within shells got really kind of crazy. The point of this isn't like because Eudoxus was mad or anything like that, he had to keep adding shells to explain things they saw in the night sky. Yeah. so it's almost like they dug themselves a bit of a hole instead of course correcting and saying, well, maybe we should look into a different theory or something. they were just like kept adding shells. Exactly So one of the big problems was that F first of all, the Earth is not the center of the universe But also that the motion of celestial bodies is not circular and it's not regular was wrong and everything. He was basically wrong, Yeah on all five of those points But u The reason that he thought it was circular was that circles were perfect and again, the Eth was the center of the universe and it was created by the God. So of course it was perfect But other people have pointed out that it had to be circular if he was going to apply math because non circular math for movement hadn't really been created yet That's basically that's all he had to work with was circular motion. So if he was going to actually investigate this and try to figure it out with math He had to be circular. So just by by what he had available at the time, That's why this motion was supposedly circular. But that was a huge boondogggle because it's not circular. As we found out finally from Kepler, who came along in I think the seventeenth century So again, this is like two thousand years. people are like shells is where it's at. Even Copernicus who said he was the first one to really say the suun is at the center of the universe and what he was talking about was the solar system. And he created a revolution with that. He still was saying, but it's all within shells. It just everyone just like that makes a lot more sense And then he brings up the shells. Exactly. So Copernicus lays it out and then Kepler comes along's like, there's no shells and these orbits aren't circular, they're elliptical. And he ended up laying the groundwork for astrophysics to come Yeah,, you know, it's so easy now that we have telescopes and and beyond like it's hard to even put your mind in a framework of the only thing you have is standing on the earth and looking at something with your eyeballs and trying to take a guess at what's happening out there. Yeah. And I think that's what gets lost too is when we look back and like poke fun at our ancient predecessors for being so dumb They like they were really trying to figure this out with what they had available at the time And even if it does seem wacky, it's like, can you explain how atoms come together to form a rock H cans That's a good teaser. You know? Yeah Uh, yeah, I think it's easy to poke fun of now, but The other alternative is they didn't even try. And as we see time and time again A lot of the stuff that they came up with at least led to the next thing and the next thing. And that's what science is. So like hats my tooga is off them. You took your toga off? Oh wait a minute by My my my grape vine atop my head is off He too us back on. Okay, good. 'use I was gonna say they're like a helicopter won't be invented for a thousand plus years All right, I think we should take a break now and we will talk about the idea that the earth is rotating around a central fire right after this as unpredictable But you can flare less with EBGlS, a once monthly treatment for moderate to severe eczema. After an initial four month or longer dosing phase, about four in ten people taking eBGlS achieved itch relief and glare are almost glare skin at sixteen weeks. And most of those people maintain skin that's still more clear at one year, with monthly dosing. EBGlS LBKZ a two hundred fifty milligram per two milliliter injection is a prescription medicine used to treat adults and children twelve years of age and older who weigh at least eighty eight pounds or forty kilograms with moderate to severe eczema. Also called a topic dermatitis that is not well controlled with prescription therapies used on the skin, or topicals, or who cannot use topical therapies. EBGlS can be used with or without topical corticosteroids. Don't use if you're allergic to EBGlS. Allergic reactions cancur that can be severe. eye problems can occur. Tell your doctor if you have new or worsening eye problems. You should not receive a live vaccine when treated with EBGlS Before starting Eplus, tell your doctor if you have a parasitic infection Ask your doctor about EbBlS and visit EblSot Lillily dot com or call whenin hundred Lillily RX or one eight hundred five four five five nine seven nine. Hey everybody, I'm Bobby Bones. Today, we're talking about Thomas Rhett and the soundtrack to Life Tour. For over a decade, Thomas Rhett has delivered more than twenty number one hits and sold out tours. 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Auto Pacific segmentation, twenty twenty six Rogue versus latest in market competitors in the XSUV mainstream midsize class, excluding electrical vehicles based on manufactured websites All right, I promised talk of wackiness before we left about the idea that the eararth circled a central fire capital C capital F the big fire right And this was a thing. Pythagoreans, which are the people the group that you know, followed in the footsteps of Pythagoras himself in the sixth century They thought that the Eth circled a big central fire, and not only the earth, but Basically everything, all the planets, all the stars The sun and the moon, everything circled around a central fire And that there was also a counter eararth, like another earth U and I don't know how you pronounce that. And titthon I think it's Antiquvun And Ticson? Yeah, it's a really odd word It is capitalized, which just makes me feel weird. Yeah, it seems fishy, but that's the name of a counter Earth that's either in the same orbit or in its own orbit, but always opposite the sun from Earth. Right. This wasn't something where they were pointing up and it was Mars and so they called Mars. This is a hypothetical planet that they were saying was out there. we just can't see it. And then also with the central fire They're not saying that was the sun. The suun had its own orbit around the central fire. And the central fire was unseen because Greece always revolved in a way O the Eth always revolved in a way that Greece was opposite the central fire so it could never see it Yeah, so there was this guy Philileaus probably? I think that's exactly right Roton, which sounds like a planet that would circle a fire. Take me to your leader. I am Croton. Crooton was actually in southern Italy and he was another Greek philosopher scientist. There were a lot of those guys And he was hanging around with Socrates. He was a pretty prominent Pythagorean. Oh yeah. and he was one of these guys that put forth This u you know, this idea, even though like they moved away from geocentris, which is great. but instead of moving directly into heliocentrism, they move to the central fire thing first. Central fireism So yeah, he basically said there's a central fire. Everything orbits around the central fire And the all of the orbits are circular. They love circular orbits And that the Earth, the sun, the moon, and the five planets each had their own orbit And there was that counter earth too, Bizaro Earth in Tigman that was opposite Eth at all times that made ten and orbits all togetherher. And there are a couple of reasons for that. One is that to the Pythagoreans, ten was a perfect number Of course there were ten orbits. But also it explained having that counter Earth that tenth orbit explained lunar eclipses becausecause then that meant that that was just antiquan shadow being cast on the moon Also to in defense of these sort of wild ideas They did have the idea that these orbits They varied quite a bit in how long they took. The Earth took twenty four hours The suns took a year, the moons took a month And you know, they were on a right track at that point as far as lunar orbits and Earth's orbits in the sun and things like that because they all do take different amounts of time And they were they were pretty on track with the Eth taking twenty four hours Except they the way they describe it was I think it was more that Not the Earth is spinning on its axis as it orbits the sun, but more like We're really circulating the central fire a lot faster than the sun and we lap the sun every twenty four hours. and that's how we have day and night. It's just so wrong. But you can understand it's so fascinating that they had that data. They had that information available and they just went the exact wrong direction with it. Yeah. But again, this is just what this is what they had available to them at the time. I find that fascinating That's how they explained it That's pretty cool. So in this IFL science article I found, they basically said it's actually possible Hypothetically for a counter Earth to exist Yeah in the same orbit as Earth, but always opposite Earth, like traveling at the same rate. We've discovered extra solar planets. that have that same arrangement. So it's it's possible It's impossible that there actually is a counter Earth because we've run models on it. Our astrophysicists have, I should say, you and I haven't Um And it would it would affect other planets, even just a small counter Earth would affect other planets' orbits very noticeably. It's starting with Venus and Venus's orbit is not being affected by any mysterious object So there is no counter eararth that turned out. And it's right. I'm sure Jim Morrison was very disappointed to hear that the central fire went away This all reminded me of like a door song. Central fire, yeah, for sure You know, everything revolving around a central fire, a counter Earth. Yeah It does kind of seem doorsish. Also pink Floyiddy Yeah, that's true, because the doors didn't get super spacey as like literal space. No, but he a central fire sounds Jim Morris and he counter Earth sounds sounds pink flloydy Okay, I'm glad we've finally settled it Allright, what do we get next U So another one that I think a lot of people are familiar with is the four elements like Eth Air wind Fire, Earth wind, fire and thereir Exactly screws it all up. Air features air. Another great thing. Air should open for earthwine and fire. Exactly And those that whole idea it dates back to like the humoral sense of medicine as well. This was something that was found in I think the sixth century BCE And that Anximenes, the guy who also said it's shells Also was like it's air I love this guy. Yeah, he really was out there But he like he lived in a van down by the river, but he was very well regarded Yeah. so I mean, a lot of people were sort of thinking at the time that things were all made from a single thing No one could get together and agree on what that single thing might be But like you said, for ex what was it? Anxemenes? Yeah, I think so He was all about the air. And Plato came along and then later said, actually, we've got Earth fire, water and air And Aristotle said, donon't forget about the ether. They're like, all right Yeah,ine. That's something that comes up a lot when you start researching ancient knowledge Aristotle in particular Was the guy everyone looked at for a thumbs up or thumbs down and knowledge at the time. and just him giving a thumbs up would mean that people would keep doing it for two thousand years until the scientific revolution. He was that well regarded in his time and following his time as well So he he definitely was like, yes, I'm totally down with the whole Earth air, fire, water and ether. idea that everything is made of that and that everything is touching everything else. So like the space between you and me filled with the air element. But not only that, it's not only like if you look at the Eth, that's obviously Eth element or if you look atire fire element, everything is made up of a combination of some degree of each of these elements And there's actually method to that madness too. It wasn't just like, because we know what water is, we know what air is, we know what fire is and earth, that's what we're going to say everything's made up. They actually made observations that either led them to this or that really supported their ideas in the first place For sure. Like for example, this House Stuff Works article gives a great example. Wood was solid, which means that it had earth in it It floated, which means that it had an air element to it and then it burn R right? Then it burned whisted. So Part fire, too. So you could see how these things kind of came together to form a log or a stone or a rabbit is another recurring theme U All right, so that's where we are. Then this guy Empidocles comes along He's from Sicily, fifth century BCE And he was one of the first people to kind of put forth the theory. that U you know, maybe things are built out of things that are so small that we can't see them. R. They are actual building blocks, we can't touch them, can't see them or feel them. And if you look at a stone like look at that big rock over there. That's not we call it rock, but it's not rock. It's made up of these small elements. And people went elements And he said, yes, elements. And this was a pretty like far out but on the right track way of thinking for fifth century BCE. Yeah, I think he was Epidoccles was the guy who came along and said, no these things are all made up of different combinations and interactions of these four elements And he also suggested that the Tansformations or the creations of these things took place through an attractive force known as love Oh man, I loved that part. That was the combiner, the creator force. So if you step back and think about Epidocles, he's just introduced the idea that there are elements. there are elements. It's just not Eth air, fire, wind and water And he also introduced the idea of attractive horses that bring elements together. And it's not love Mhm, mayaybe It's more like electromag magnetism or the nuclear force, something like that Exactly. Boy, talk about Jim Morrison. He would have been all over this episode. Totally. I think it would have been big stuff you should know fans. Do you think so? I could see him really just talking smack about us for no good reason on the internet. I mean, how old would he be today Oh, he died it's a twenty seven clubber and he died in what the seventies. so u I would say probably forty eight. let's say he was born in nineteen forty eight. So seventy five He'd be That's perfect age to complain on the internet these days. I remember I remember seeing a phony gap ad This is a long time ago where they showed like an aged Jim Morrison in like gap jeans or something. What? And they did a really good job with it and it looked like totally like what you could picture him looking like Are you sure you didn't just dream that pretty sure. I also saw a thing recently where they use AI to create like what would they look like now kind of things for a lot of people who died young. and some of them were pretty good. Some of them like Elvis was just like, you just basically gussied up Vernon Presley, his dad Oh, really? It was like obviously his dad. lazy AI Yeah, someome of them were okay, someome of them were pretty dumb. Well, like, who who was one that was okay that you saw Uh o boy. I'm trying to remember u I dont know. I have to go look that up. I always forget to look up to stuff you talk about on the episodes because the moment we're done, all of it just vanishes.. You stop existing That's great. That's a secret to our longevity. That's right. We just both stop existing in the others' minds until the next time. U All right, so where are we? We are If we were Democrat us. Okay, yeah, yeah, Democratus then comes along. Yeah. And he's like, all right, I got this new theory becausecause there were some problems with what Empidocles was talking about firstirst of all, he has offered no evidence. I don't know if anyone noticed that at all. And second of all, you take that rock over there and he said it's made up you know, if you If you break it up, it's made up of smaller things. But if you keep breaking that thing up, you're never going to get down to fire, no matter how small you break that thing up Right. So he came up with this idea that you could break something down to finally its most basic unit, an indivisible unit that he called atomos which is Latin or Greek for atoms. Yeah This guy came up with the idea of Aams, which he not only said where' the indivisible base units of everything everything He also said that they were indestructible and eternal. And then he also said that they exist in free space around us, what you would call today a vacuum So this guy basically predicted atomic theory couple of thousand years ago And it's known as the best guess in antiquity. He got it so close whereere he went astray is that he said that when you broke down a rock you would get to the rock atdam and that was it. like what you saw, a rock, a rabbit, something like that. you you would, um If you broke it down to its constituent part like itss base atom, it was a rabbit atam. or a rock atom, or a log atom or a chuck atom. the thing it was, it was like that specific kind of atom rather than a combination of just a few types of atoms that can make anything Yeah, which, you know You did pretty good up into that point. For sure. you did very good I dare say excellent up in that point. Would you take your toe off for him I'd flash it Okay permission, of course. Sure. I would h You know,'s like, do you mind if I liift my so good and he' You added that,. U So, you know, everyone, of course want to know what Aristotle and Plato thought, even, you know, at the time or especially at the time And they both basically rejected these ideas. Aristotle sort of accepted it, but he said, Well, also, There are those four core elements, but they can be transformed into one another. And everyone was like Here he goes again, like now we have to start thinking that. because Aristotle said it. Exactly. He was he threw his laud in with the four elements in part because he totally rejected Democritus's assertion that there was such a thing as Adam's moving in a void in free space. He said, there's no such thing as a void. Everything around us is connected. Like the stuff that just looks like space between you and me, That's the air element filling that up. Like there's nothing that's not connected And because he just would not accept the idea of a vacuum Um he gave the thumbs up. to Empidocclleses idea with the elements, thumbs down to Democritus. So Democritus' incredibly accurate prediction would have to wait about two thousand years before people finally came around and were like, oow, Democritus was super right Exactly. And that's in sixteen forty three Evangelista Toriclli V came along. Linda Evangelist Toricelli. That's right. of An Italian mathematician this time, studying under Galileo came along and showed that air And I believe was he the first person to create a vacuum in an experiment like this? Yeah a pretty key part here. But in a vacuum showed that air had weight Like this thing that we can't see or well, sometimes you can smell it, I guess You can't see it or feel it. or anything like that. but it was still capable about of pushing down liquid mercury. which is also how we got the barometer by the way. R And everyone was like, it rocked everyone's world basically. like we can't feel it, we can't see it It has weight, so it's got to be made of something. and so what's it made of Right. So how can an element be made of something else? I guess is the point of that. And then even more to the point, Torolli by creating the first experimental vacuum proved that Democritis' assertion that there is a vacuum as predictions as part of his atomic theory, was right So that was what really led to the investigation into atomic theory, which is finally, I think put forth in I think eighteen oh three, maybe by John Dalton Aazing It really is amazing that he got that close. Like imagine just And again, he's guessing, he had no way of testing any of this It was a really good guess. Yeah, very, very smart forward thinking guy I'll bet he was a heck of a disccus throwower too Well, we're going to take our final break and we're going to come back and talk about our Final topic Number one, spontaneous generation Saman. as unpredictable But you can flare less with EBGlS, A once monthly treatment for moderate to severe eczema. After an initial four month or longer dosing phase, about four in ten people taking eBGLS achieved itch relief and glare are almost cleare skin at sixteen weeks. And most of those people maintain skin that's still more clearear at one year, with monthly dosing. EBGlS LBKZ a two hundred fifty milligram per two milliliter injection is a prescription medicine used to treat adults and children twelve years of age and older who weigh at least eighty eight pounds or forty kilograms with moderate to severe eczema. 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Awards based on twenty twenty five model year, newer models may be shown All right, Chuck, so there's a well worn that if you throw some grain in like a cellar and leave it alone for a little while It'll spontaneously generate mice Have you've heard that before, haven't you Sure, that old bumper sticker? Apparently, there's an element that I'd never heard of before. You have to put the grains of wheat on a soiled shirt And then it'll generate mice after a given amount of time. And that came from the mind of a guy named Antoine van L Lewanhk Leaving h Wha, Van Lievenhu Who in the sixteen seventies basically pointed to a bunch of stuff and said spontaneous generation, spontaneous generation Fontaneous generation. And again He was so he wasn't actually coming up with this idea of spontaneous generation. He was giving it a boost in the seventeenth century. It was actually a really ancient way of explaining where life came from And at the time of again, Aristotle There were three competing theories, right? There was spontaneous generation. And there was preformationism, and then there was epigenesis And depending on what you thought about what, you subscribe to at least one, if not two of those at the same time Can I name my favorite spontaneous generation from Jean Baptista van Helmont? Yes that if you took a brick mold and lined it with basil You would spawn scorpions Isn't that weird Pretty good He also said, and I think I said it was Antoine van Lievvenhook who said that, no, I'm sorry, that was the guy who started to perfect the microscope He comes in later on and I was wrong But Von Helmont, Van Helmont He was the one that came up with a whole bunch of different ones, like mice from grain, scorpions, from brick molds. I think insects was a huge one that if you laid out rotting meat Yeah, this is a big one. Maggots would spontaneously generate gain, it sounds mad. It sounds ridiculous and preposterous to us today. But that was before Antuon von Lievenhook, the Dutch scientist introduced or popularized the microscope and could show