Medical Applications and Alternatives

This is an IiHart podcast Guaranteed human. And I turned off news altogether. I hate to say it, but I don't trust much of anything It's the ragebait. It feels like it's trying to divide people If we got clear facts, maybe we could calm down a little NBC News brings you clear reporting. Let's meet at the facts. Let's move forward from there NBC News, repeporting for America What's up y'all Summer's got a different tempo Everything's a little looser, brighter. One plan turns into another. You hear something, you stay a little longer. Next thing you know, you're somewhere you didn't plan to be. It's those in between moments. That's where the ideas hit. Conversations stretch out, littleittle memories sneak up on you. sometimes it's just about what's in your hand, that color Chill, the new tropical butterfly refresher from Starbucks. Guava and Passion frruit flavors with mango pineapple flavored peearls Yeah, that feels like summer before you even taste it. Funny out one small stop becomes the best part of the day Start your summer rhythm with Starbucks. Try the new tropical butterfly Refresher from Starbucks Eczema is unpredictable. But you can flare less with EGLS. A once monthly treatment for moderate to severe eczema. After an initial four month or longer dosing phase, about four incent people taking EpGLS achieved itch relief and glare or almost glare skin at sixteen weeks. And most of those people maintain skin that's still more clear at one year with monthly dosing. EBlS Libap LBKZ a two hundred fifty milligram per two milliliter injection is a prescription medicine used to treat adults and children twelve years of age and older who weigh at least eighty eight pounds or forty kilograms with moderate to severe eczema. Also called a topic dermatitis that is not well controlled with prescription therapies used on the skin or topicals, or who cannot use topical therapies. EBGlS can be used with or without topical corticoosteroids.on't use if you're allergic to EBGlIS. Allergic reactions can occur that can be severe, eye problems can occur. Tell your doctor if you have new or worsening eye problems, you should notceive a live vaccine when treat with ecLlS Before starting Eliss, tell your doctor if you have a parasitic infection Ask your doctor about EBglS, and visitBglSot Lillily d. com or call one in hundred Lillily R X or one in hundred five four five five nine seven nine Hey, Chucky here, we're almost done everybody with the science playlist. I hope all of our egghead friends out there Got into this one. This one was I feel like quite a while ago But it's about X rays. It's called how X rays work and it's super nerdy and super fascinating give it a listen. Welcome to Stuff You should Know from Hastuffworks. com Hey and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark with Charles W. ChuckBryan as always, and there's Jerry over there fdling around with stuff, so it's stuff you should know the podcast. Not stuff you should know in the movie That's right. you know. We were sworn to secrecy about that. That'd be a good movie. That'd be a bad movie. I don't know, man, It could go either way. I always see I imagine it like strange Bw. Oh yeah. Yes. They They could base it on the stuff you should know, tell all book I'm writing. Oh yeah. That would be exciting. That would be very exciting. I'm looking forward to that book. Like a lifetime movie of the week Do you like, um switch people's names? Like am I, um Joe. Joe Clack. Yeah, exactly. No. it's sort of like didid you see that Say by the Bell movie Oh ye, I didn't Screech write a book It was based on a book by Screech, right? Yeah. It wasasn't it like all sex and drugs and stuff Oh, it was, you know, it was a bunch of teenagers in Hollywood, so sure, there was some of that in there. but it was I didn't read the book, but the movie was bad and not nearly as salacious as you wanted it to be. Right. I remember a lot of people being disappointed. And I remember, I mean, I recall the like two weeks ago when people were talking about it when it came out. It stunk. I'll watch Emily and I'll watch some of those, u terrible, terrible bopics occasionally on TV and it's it can be fun Like we watch the u who is the one do Brittneany Murphy The Brittitney Murphy story. Oh, really, does she have a heck of a story? Is she alive still or did she die? No, she passed away because under kind of weird circumstances because she and her husband both passed away within weeks of each other. Weird. And there were all these strange claims that her house was poisoned, that they were poisoned Um It was it was fun. What's your take on it Oh I don't know. Yeah just the movie wasn't very good. Wh played Britneany Murphy, do you remember? It was Sie Bowen, wasn't it? No She's in all of those. someone who didn't look very much like Britneany Murphy Julie Boen But I was right. The Ashton Kutcher guy was pretty good though, I gotta say. Steve Jobs played him. They should have just gotten Ashton Kutcher to play himself He's not doing much. He's on two and a half men. I don't know. That's gott to require fifteen minutes of work a week. He's selling cameras Do you remember when that whole two and a half men thing was going down? We were in LA and for the one and only time in my entire life, I see John Cryer that day Oh during the Charlie Sheheen Mown Meltown. Like the day of the meltdown. like it happened at night and within eight hours I saw John Cryer for the first time in person at a McDonald's. Did yould Duckkey No, I left him alone. He looks stressed out. Well, yeah, he's probably like my career is going down the tubes, but little did he know? He's a survivor. Yeah, his career is just f fun. Yeah So X rays ye is what we're talking about, right? Yep. That the lightest part of this podcast. Yeah I like this one. This one, it's one of those things where If you can just hang on by your fingernails, It can click And then you lose it again. But that means that it could click again later on That's what I like about it Good. I'll leave that to you. I got lots of other stuff about it Oh you do. I totally understand. Good, good.. So have you ever broken anything and needed an x ray or has it all just been dental stuff? You know, dude, never broken a bone. Kockood. knock on wood. Yeah, I mean, I've My injuries were always stitches I was always getting busted open. Oh yeah. Rcks and sprinklers and I was always getting cut Yeah and sewed back up, but I never broke a bone You should probably knock on hard one more time just to be safe. Yeah. So yeah, all of my x rays too have been like just going to the dentist or whatever. You never had a bone broken I don't want to say because I don't even know if knocking on wood will do it onn laminate Ikea. That would just be so horribly interesting if both of us broke a bone after this. Yeah, and we're at the age wherere like, you should break bones when you're a kid where you're like, e, whatever, I get a cast at this a. It's a drag. Yeah, ye. I remember reading like a Tom Clancy novel in like some got an arm torn off or whatever, and one of the surgeons was like, if the arm's in the same room as the kid, it can be healed. Right. That doesn't hold true in your Tom Clancy's age. No So u you are familiar with X rays though you've seen them before? You've watched ER surely? Yeah, I mean, I've had x rays for like the dental ones, like you said, and then other various like u chest x rays for sicknesses and things like that, which I think may be a little frivolous to be honest Yeah, and kind of dangerous, really? Yeah conceivably. Sure. whichich we'll get into later. but did you were you familiar with X rays at all beyond that? Did you know that they were invented or discovered accidentally Yeah, I did know that. I did not. That's one of the few things I know. I saw a little like quickie short on some like, it might have been actually science jannel. I looked all over. The most I could find was a dude on Siemens's describing it in the most flat affic. I watched onele one of his video. Yeah, I got to five and five wouldn't load and I was like forget this. Yeah, five never loaded for me. I watched the other fourteen though. and the whole time I was going, man These are a minute long, please join them all together into one six minute video. I know, it was so weird. Yeah, it was pretty silly. But he was good. He was just very d Yeah. and they spent zero pennies on any kind of soundtrack or anything like if he grabs papers, you hear papers rustling in the classroom. was it was pretty straightforward U Yes, but that's a very windab roundabout way of getting to It's discovery in eighteen ninety five by a German physicist named Wilhelm Rundgen. Nice. And he was testing whether cathode rays could pass through glass And he saw that the fluorescent screen was glowing. When he turned on his electron beam, which wasn't a big deal, but he was like, wait, this got cardboard around it. Right. There shouldn't be any visible light escaping, whichich is silly to think of now. Well, yeah it is, but you have to put yourself in his shoes like X rayseen ninety five hadn't been discovered because he was literally on the verge of discovering them right then. That's right. And yeah, so he was like, this is very curious that this is fluorescing Yeah, and you notice other things were glowing and eventually He started putting other objects between the tube and the screen. They glowed. The screen did, that is.. Finally he put his hand there. I read his wife's hand. Oh, really? He's like either way. Come in here for a second. I want you to try something and Sw Bones. projected and then I guess probably poo pooed his pants man, I think I'm on to something here. Yeah. It was really that quickly. He was like immediately the application was clear. It wasn't one of those things where it took twenty years. Right. He's like, hold on, you can see bones. This could be really helpful. Yes. An you w a Nobel prize V rightfully so, the first one ever for physics. And he named them X rays because I didn't know what the heck it was. No exactly. kind of signing your name. He pered right. I think he assumed that later on future scientists would fill in the blanks, but they were like, No, we're cool with x rays. Well, he probably thought that someone would eventually call it like the Rin. R or something. He wasn't much of a self promoter. No. He was just like, Ills call him X rays as a placeholder. And he didn't patent anything, you know, he never like made money off that U And then just his wife had hang cancer as a result. Really? No. was laughing but No, she didn't that would be very. It was just a joke. You can proceed with the laugh at her. Plus, I've never heard of hand cancer. It's gota be out there. And then a couple of years later they were already using it in the Balkan War. It was the first time it was really put to practical use. First Balkan War The one around World War O? Was it? Well, no, eighteen ninety seven. Oh that ball come war. I didn't know that existed until just now. Yeah. And they said we can see bullets and shrapnel and stuff now, which is helpful. It is extremely helpful. So like this guy, Runin discovers X rays and their most practical application in one fell swoop, basically A little further study revealed that x rays are actually just another part of the Electromagnetic spectrum of which radio waves, microwaves what we call visible light. Yeah Um What else is on there? Well I've got handy wallet electromagnetic spectrum card. Yeah and x rays fall between gamma rays and ultraviolet rays on that spectrum. which are all below you say below It's not really an above or below situation visible light and then infrared microwave and radio waves. So it would be a higher or lower frequency because that's how the whole thing's divided Yeah. So like the visible spectrum of light consists of electromagnetic radiation that has a frequency, a wavelength Our eyes are sensitized too. So we can pick up visible light There's plenty of other stuff on the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, and all of it is delineated by the frequency, the wavelength. So at the highest end, you have gamma rays that are like. Yeah, that means the squiggly line is very close together. Exactly. And then on the farurthest end, you have radio waves are like quuickly line as far apart. Exactly. And that is called chuck science That's good stuff. Yeah So back in my wallet. Exra right next to the What else do you have in there? U I just have my Papslue ribbon membership card, which actually do. Do you really? Yeah, but I've had it for like twenty years. Wellow. When you you got it when you're like seven, eight. me. So x rays fall I guess we're about in the Well ye the higher end, they have a higher frequency as far as the electromagnetic spectrum goes. But the point is is that it is ultimately the same thing.'s It's a type of electromagnetic energy that is carried on a photon, which is a particle of what we would call light. Yeah, and we've talked about phhotons a plenty in the show And the same like photons produce the visible light that we can see. Photons blast out from the sun Uh, how long does it take? Like It takes like one hundred thousand years to get from the core to the surface and then like eight minutes to get from the surface to Earth That's right. Man I love that fact. This is the only part I understand, so I'll lead with it. If you want to imagine an atom, a nucleus of an atom and rings around that atiom, Adiam Thats That's a new word. An atom as orbitals Uh when an electron drops to a lower orbital. It releases energy in the form of a photon. And the electron will always drop to the lower orbital. That's right. So like if orbital is if an electron is kicked off of a lower orbital An electron in the higher orbital goes and drops down to that one. Yes, and depending on how far it drops, it's going to determine the energy level of that photon. that It releases energy when it drops, right? Yeah, because it doesn't have to drop more than one orbital. and skip down I don't even know how far but a long way. Yeah, I can. And like you said, the The greater the distance between the two orbitals or the greater the energy differential, the greater the energy that photon when released will have, right? That's right. And as we said, photons are the energy carriers of the electromagnetic spectrum deepending on that energy or the frequency, the wavelength of that photon That determines what kind of photon it is, right? Whether it's a radio photon, an x ray photon or a photon that we can see that's in the visible spectrum. That's right Sometimes when these photons are flying around, they will collide with other atoms And sometimes those atoms absorb that photon's energy and then kick it up to that higher level again. It has to be from what I understand and I saw that there's like, of course, it's science. So there's like atomic science. so there's littleittle exceptions to this and that sureure. But from what I could see, Chuck There is the energy of that photon has to exactly match the energy differential between One orbital and another on an atom so that it can kick it up so that it hits that one electron in the lower orbital, kicks it up to the higher orbital and thus transfers its energy, which means that atom just absorbed that energy that that photon was carrying, right? That's right. But if it's a little less, it's not going to have the energy to kick that electron up, which makes sense to me, right? Yeah But if it's a little more, this is what doesn't make sense to me. doesn't kick the electron up and then the photon carries on in a diminished energetic state It just doesn't do anything. It doesn't interact with that It has to be say like the energy differential between orbits is eight. Yeah. So a photon has to have an energy of eight O else it's not going to do anything with that atom Okay U and so depending on the Well, let's say you have a radio wave They don't have very much energy, so they can't move electrons. between these orbitals, they just pass through things. X rays are super powerful.. There's lots of energy. They can pass through things, which is key if you want to. Check out your bones from outside of your body. It is. and we're going to explain exactly how rightight after that Aama. is unpredictable. But you can flare less with FGLS, a once monthly treatment for moderate to severe eczema. After an initial four month or longer dosing phase, about four in ten people taking EGlS achieved itch relief and glare are almost cleare skin at sixteen weeks, and most of those people maintain skin that's still more cleare at one year, with monthly dosing. EGlS liibap LBKZ a two hundred fifty milligram per two milliliter injection is a prescription medicine used to treat adults and children twelve years of age and older weigh at least eight pounds or forty kilograms with moderate to severe eczema. Also called a topopic dermatitis that is not well controlled with prescription therapies used on the skin or topicals, or who cannot use topical therapies. EGlS can be used with or without topical corticosteroids. Don't use if you're allergic to EBGlIS. Allergic reactions can occur that can be severe. eye problems can occur. Tell your doctor if you have new or worsening eye problems. You should not receive a live vaccine when treated with eBGlS Before starting Eplus, tell your doctor if you have a parasitic infection Ask your doctor about EbBlS and visit EblSot Lillily dot com or call one eight hundred Lillily RX or one eight hundred five four five five nine seven nine. Hey everybody, I'm Bobby Bones. Today we're talking about Thomas Rhedt and the soundtrack to Life Tour. For over a decade, Thomas Rhett has delivered more than twenty number one hits and sold out tours. Inspired by his family and his Nashville roots, he's created songs that have become the soundtrack to our lives From Die a Happy Man to L Changes. You've heard his songs playing at life special moments. Now it's time to hear them live. Round up your friends to catch Thomas Rhett on the soundtrack to Life Tour. Get your tickets now at live nation. com Bro from the show last night to this drive, why is it never chill? Because this is our live. backackstage on the road, It's loud, messy, real. And that's the best part. whole crew, no plan, just moving. Good thing Nissan builds for that kind of chaos. Not just test tracks, real life scenes, late nights, road trips, all of it That's why it holds up. Nissan was ranked number one in initial quality among mainstream brands by JD Power. Yeah, you can tell! twenty twenty six Nissan Rogue built for what really happens. For JD Power twenty twenty five US initial quality stududy award information, visit jDpower dot com slash awards. Awards based on twenty twenty five model year, newer models may be shown In case, we're back, Chuck, and you tannalzed everybody by saying that this difference in absorption is what produces x rays, right Was that tantalizing? I was tantalized. o And I even know it's coming, right? That's how excited I am about X rays. Good So consider this, like different atoms have different atomic weights. Yeah. they have different densities. They're just different. like different atoms are different. and Atoms also have what are called differences in radiological density Okay, so a really high energy, high atomic weight very dense atom. is going to be able to absorb a lot of energy. Smaller atoms that maybe are looser and have a lower atomic weight are going to get kicked around by any old photon that wants to come along Yeah, and that's that's key. Like I said, if you want to see bones because your soft tissue, if you've ever noticed when you have an x ray, you'll see the bones, but you know, the rest is sort of a grayish black mess. Exactly. becausecause your soft tissue has smaller atoms, your bones Calcium atoms are much larger, so they're going to absorb those X ray photons. That's exactly right. They do it really well. Exactly. Imagine you have Uh let's say Chuck let's go back and hang out with Tuck Tuck, right Oh man, let's get back in the way back man. It's been a while. Okay him over there. So here we are in France in this cave. Tuck Tuck has his hand up against the cave wall, as you'll see. Yeah. And in his other hand he's got that little straw filled with pigment, red pigment blowing it on his hand. Sure And now that he moves his hand away, there's the outline of his hand. L's called a stencil, right? Exactly. He's just made an early stencil. He's like Banksy basically. Yeah Like a caveman Banksy But if you look at the back of Tk Tk's hand, don't get too close, but look at the back of his hand. Yeah It's covered in red pigment, right? Yeah So if you can if you want to equate this to an x ray The hand absorbed all of that pigment, right. And the stuff that passed through left the picture on the cave waall. That's kind of what happens with an x ray, except withith an x ray photograph The x ray photons are absorbed by the denser Calcium rich bones. Yes and they pass through the softer tissue. So the picture that we have is the outline, the silhouette of the bones because the x rays made it through the tissue Didn't make it through the bones, they made it through the tissue and onto the X ray plate, which absorbed the picture in negative That's right. And I'm glad he said picture because that's all it is on the other side of the human being you know, they're shooting the X ray. There's a camera and you're just going to get a regular negative and They could make it a positive, but they leave it as a negative because you really don't need the positive image. R. And that's what they'll put on that little screen to show you your correct femur Exactly, and they can see the crack because some of those x rays will make it through the gap That's right, rightight So all you're seeing is the result of x rays that made it through the tissue We're absorbed by the bone. So those don't make it to the plate The ones that make it to the plate cause the chemical reaction that gives you your negative, your x ray. And it's pretty simple really, like if you think about it at least in principle It's also extraordinarily difficult conceive of But if you understand like the principle behind it, it makes uttering complete sense. Yeah, and it's a pretty focused shot that they're using there. It's not like They don't fill the entire room with x rays You know, they've got a thick lead shield around the whole device and it, you know, contain contains everything. It's got a little small window. that's just going to let that narrow beam pass through through a series of filters and basically hit you wherever they want to hit you. Yeah. And the reason that they use lead is because lead is an extremely dense E yeah element Yes. rightight? Sure. Oh got I hope so. W with a very high atomic number, which means it can absorb tons of energy, right? Yeah, that's why you're going to wear a lead apron if you're not, you know, if you're getting your skull done you're probably going to wear an apron your chest, let's say. sureure. So you' you're so this lead is being bombarded X ray photons and electrons and it's just taking it. It's fine and it's not being able to it's not able to pass through because it doesn't have high enough energy But yes, when they put that little window in the X ray generating machine Yeah, it passes right through there in a concentrated beam. And Chuck, let's talk about the machine, right So and this is basically what we use as X ray machines is essentially what U Rutin was made what made was experimenting with when he accidentally discovered them Because if you look for x rays they propagate naturally But I think like twenty percent of the x rays on Earth come from humans. Oh really? Yeah, like we generate a lot of rays. don't Come Like you don't find them normally on Earth. They're coming from outer space to us. Okay. Hence X ray astronomy The ones here on Earth that are generated on Earth. It's not like rocks put out x rays or something like that. Right. We do. Weans Humans in lead aprons put out x rays And they use this machine like Romkin madeade. Yeah. What you have in the machine, you have an electrode pair, a cathode and an anode And that's inside a good old fashioned glass vacuum tube, which It's amazing how vacuum tubes are still like the best way to do many of these things. Well, it allows things to travel at the speed of light easily. That's right. and it allows guitar amps to sound great I didn't know these vacuums in that. Oh, is that a cathode tube? Yeah. Yeah, like a like The best amps are still made with vacuum tubes. You can get solid state amps, but theyre just the sound isn't as rich So it's kind of like this old technology that's still superior. Right. They're all pumped out by hand by a ninety year old man in Tennessee Mr. Marshall. Yes. No U So the cathode is a heated filament just like you might see in a light bulb. and the machine's going to pass a current through that and heat that thing up And then it's going to spit electrons off that surface And it's going to hit a disk made of tungsten And it's going to draw those across a tube. It's basically tube is sort of the key piece. Right because you've got the positive and the the negative charge, the cathode and the anode, right? Yeah. Um, and That difference that electrical charge draws those electrons down to the anode. Yeah, with a lot of force. Yeah. And that force means that when those electrons hit the tungsten anode, knocks a bunch of electrons off, creates a bunch of x rays in the process. And you have a whole box filled with x ray radiation x rays That's exactly what it is. Like you're just, I mean, there might as well be like a foot crank to this thing, like an old sewing machine for as technologically advanced as it is. There may be for all I know. I don't know what goes on in that other room Right, Yeahah, you know, true There's some dude in there with like his right leg is three times more muscular than his left leg because that's the only one he uses So u In addition, like I said to X rays being created The the Other x rays, other photons can go on and knock more electrons off. So you have what's like a process of chain reaction starting, right? It's not like one gets hit and then that's it and a photon's created. It just hangs around until it's beamed out. You're just generating this huge amount of x rays. and the x rays are also continuing to propagate themselves because they're knocking more electrons free. The more free electrons you have, the more interactions you have, right? Right So one of the ways that more electrons can be knocked off You don't even need a direct transfer of energy where a photon is absorbed or knocks an electron from one orbit to another or knocks it loose entirely. A photon actually has this really cool capability orbiting Close by the nucleus of an atom. And when the nucleus basically draws it into its orbit The photon just takes a hard left turn. Yeah just bumps it off its course. But even like the Dodge viper has to like slow down to take a left turn, slow a little bit, right? Just a little. Just a little. Yeah. But that little bit In photon world means a transfer of energy from the photon outward. Yeah. an x ray. Yeah. and then the photon like the photon takes that left turn and the energy is transferred to the atom. Yeah, and one of the byproducts, if this sounds like it's going create a lot of heat, it's because it will And in order to combat this, they rotate this anode to keep it, it would just melt down if kept it in place Yeah. And apparently there's a cool oil bath that helps absorb heat as well. But I never have heard of that either. It sounds oily Cool oil bath. Yeah, it doesn'tound refreshing at all. It sounds like the opposite of refreshing. Yeah, Cool and oil don't really go together. No yeah. And I misspoke. that's an electron that can be drawn to the nucleus of an atom appropriately enough because they orbit nuclei anyway.. But it doesn't have to hook hook up with that atom. When it takes that hard left, it emits the photon like you said It's right. And like I said earlier, there's a camera on the other side of the patient And it're going to record that pattern of light when it passes through the body, And it's not so different from a regular camera. And in the end you're just going to get a picture, likeike I said, a negative image. Yeah, And if you hook it up with a computer that allows you to take x rays basically in slices, you can come up with computerized tomography Yeah AKA CT. Right a CT scan. Exactly If if you use if you get a breast exam, you're using a type of x ray called mammography.. And then there's a fluoroscopy. which the man in the extraordinarily dry presentation from Siemens said was basically like moving picture It's like a. Exactly. and then He showed us what a movie is with a flipbook, right? That old flipbook trick. And if you listen to this podcast, I'm sorry. I just want to apologize for both of us Siemenss guy Oh, yeah Uh like hats off to you for doing that at all. Yeah. because he's probably saying, well at least I was correct in everything I said Eactly. It's a good point, sir But with fluoroscopy, it's basically like a movie of an X ray movie and you would do this to make sure like a heart is beating correctly because you wanted to see it But you have to have an additional instrument because as we've said X rays pass through tissue like heart tissue and muscle tissue and blood vessels and all the stuff you want to get pictures of using an x ray. So you have to use something called a contrast media for it. Yeah. a contrast agent is basically more dense than the soft tissue. so if you want to let's say swallow, it's usually like a barium compound. And if you want to examine like your blood vessels or your circulatory system You're sometometimes they can inject that or you might drink it to see if you're doing like a gastrointestineal like a GI tract.. you're going to swallow that stuff, which I've never had to do. I think my dad had to do that. Yeah. I don't think it's super pleasant I get the impression not too. but my dad did as well. Yeah. It's an old guy thing Yeah. So I should be getting one soon. And then it allows you, you know, to see a moving image Basically how that liquid is if there's any blockage There's all sorts of applications for it. Yeah, because you that liquid has a Hi. radiological density which means that the x rays don't just pass right through your The tissue that it's being suspended in like your blood vessels, it absorbs it for it. So you get a picture of your blood vessels, your circulatory system, which is pretty cool. It's pretty clever. It's also extraordinarily elementary in principle That my dear Watson. And that single picture, I think we, you know, we mentioned CT and mammography and all that in floroscopy, but the single picture is just called standard radiography And that's when you're, you know taking a photo of your skull. Right or your lungs or your bones or your teeth And so so speaking of the lead apron thing, man, it's always made me kind of nervous. like If the rest of my body has to wear lead apron So you're shooting an ray into my head, amm I going to be okay We'll answer that right after for this message the fishing ima. is unpredictable. But you can blare less with EGLS, a once monthly treatment for moderate to severe eczema. After an initial four month or longer dosing phase, about four in ten people taking EGLS achieved itch relief and glare or almost clear skin at sixteen weeks, and most of those people maintain skin that's still more clear at one year with monthly dosing. EGlSibap LBKZ a two hundred fifty milligram per two milliliter injection is a prescription medicine used to treat adults and children twelve years of age and older weigh at least eight pounds or forty kilograms with moderate to severe eczema Also called a topopic dermatitis that is not well controlled with prescription therapies used on the skin or topicals, or who cannot use topical therapies. EGlS can be used with or without topical corticosteroids. Don't use if you're allergic to eBGlS. Allergic reactions can occur that can be severe, eye problems can occur. Tell your doctor if you have new or worsening eye problems. You should not receive a live vaccine when treated with eBlS Before starting Eliss, tell your doctor if you have a parasitic infection Ask your doctor about EBglS and visit EbglSfot Lillily dot com or call win hundred Lillily RX or one eight hundred five four five five nine seven nine. Hey everybody, I'm Bobby Bones. Today we're talking about Thomas Rhett and the soundtrack to lifeife Tour. For over a decade, Thomas Rhett has delivered more than twenty number one hits and sold out tours. Inspired by his family and his Nashville roots, he's created songs that have become the soundtrack to our lives From Dia happay Man changes, you've heard his songs playing at life special moments. Now it's time to hear them live. Round up your friends to catch Thomas Rhtt on the soundtrack to Life Tour Get your tickets now at liive nation. com. Why is it always chaos when we link up? Because nobody plants anything, bro. Good thing the rogue's ready like that. For real, rain, dirt, whatever. Available all wheel drive, five modes we still outside. And they got some kick too. That turbo? Torque is crazy. The most in its class, it moves, moves. Rogue doesn't mess around and peep the space Merch on merch, gear, mics, all the fits. Load up We out. twenty twenty six Nissan Rogue built for all of it. Auto Pacific segmentation, twenty twenty six Rogue versus latest in market competitors in the XSUV mainstream midsightes class, excluding electrical vehicles based on manufactured websites Star fishing All right, X rays, are they bad for you? The answer is yes. prettyt unequivocally But like all things, it's in moderation is the key.ure. In the nineteen thirties and forties and into the fifties They had X ray machines at shoe stores Oh yeah they could extra your feet to get a better fit. And they didn't realize at the time that they were X raying people way way too much. Yeah talkalative kids in class. they just shoot them with an X ray and with it Aly did. I've got you like twice today. Well, no, I believe that. likeike, hey, let's look at his brain. There may be a mouse running around inside of it. Yeah People in the thirties were dumb. Well, it's basically radiation sickness. It's a form of ionization or ionizing radiation. So what can happen? like if just normal light hits an atom is no big deal. But when an x ray hits an atom, it knocks electrons off of it creates an ion which is an electrically charged atom and Basically anything from cellular death to mutation can happen at that point Yeah. and mutation can spread and it can cause cancer. Right because stable atoms are neutral, right? because they have an equal number of protons and electrons. You lose an electron, all of a sudden you have a positively charged ion Yeah and that negatively charged electron running around and it just causes trouble. And you said light, visible light can be absorbed and it's no big deal Yeah because vible light exists on a wavelength that's about in tune with the soft tissues of our body, right? So we know how to absorb it and it makes us tan and that's cool, right? But with these ionized atoms positively charged atoms like going around in your body it can cause a lot of problems like mutations like cancer, right? Yeah. I mean, if you break that DNA chain, that's not good. No, it is your cells. And one of the results is the the DNA can basically lose its ability to regulate itself And the cell replicates more frequently than it should. and all of a sudden you have a tumor on your hands and that can spread It can also be a problem if that DNA break occurs in utero because then that can lead to birth defects. Yeah, which is why pregnant women shouldn't get x rays. And it can also just lead to plain old cellular death. Yeah If you have cellular death, then the tissues that are made up by those cells break down You have a problem on your hands with that as well So here's the deal. We get exposed to radiation every day, just walking around on the planet. Yeah. It depends on where you live, but every year the average person is going to be exposed to anywhere from one to four It's measured in milliseiverts per year Like I said, depending on where you are, I think in higher elevations It's less than at sea level So if you live in Denver, Colorado, you're going to be exposed to less. Well yeah, because like deeath Valley. You're higher up in the atmosphere and that makes a difference. Exactly. You have less protection, right Yeah. so u you know, what they what they want to do medically speaking they want to use or they s supposed to use the minimum amount to achieve the pictures you need It's not like the old days where they were just like, let's do twenty X rays. Yeah. Like let's do the minimum amount we need to get the information that we need A CT scan can can get, you know, you lay down in the tube and it rotates around you and your whole body be photographed in less than five seconds these daysice But, um, you know, there are Concerns if you get too many x rays still U like a dental panorama. I think what it say one to four milliseverts per year And it's cumulative too. you should Yeah. not it's not like you get one and then you know, eight months later, you get another one and that first one went away.. L it accumulates over the course of a year. Yeah. so here's just a few examples of how much radiation you're being exposed to with x rays a dental panorama is going to be zero point zero one milliseverts. So not very much.