Modern Interpretations and Protest

This episode is brought to you by Lloyd's Business and Cmercial Banking. One of the great things about finance is that it may result in you having to pay tax. And this was a constant grumble in Anglo Saxon, England, which was the most heavily taxed country in the whole of Christendom. and just when the Anglo Saxons thought it couldn't get any worse conquered by King Canute and Canute imposed a tax rate that was effectively one hundred cent Yeah well, that was one very big change, Tom, but another tax change is upon us And this is the advent of making tax digital for income tax And if you're at all concerned about it, this is where Lloyd's come in because they are here to help make that change much simpler for you with a useful HMRC recognized accounting tool that will help you stay in line with all the making tax digital requirements. And the brilliant thing about this is that it is free for Looyd's business account customers So when it is time to digitize your income tax You can bank on Lloyd's. seearch Lloyd's business accounts to find out more. This episode is brought to you by MintMobile. It's easy to ditch overpriced wireless with Mint mobile. Sign up online at mintmobile dot com slash history get three months of premium wireless service. fifteen bucks a month. forty five dollars upfront payment required, equivalent to fifteen dollars per month. New customers on first three month plan only. spepeeds slower above forty gigabyt on a limited plan. Additional taxes, fees and restrictions apply. See Mint Mobile for details This Father's D, do more with Dad and spend less with low prices guaranteed at the Home Depot. Get him fired up with a new grill and accessories, like the next Grill five burner for just two hundred ninety nine dollars, so you can spend more time together while he becomes the grill master he was always meant to be, or build memories with savings on top brand power tools so you can tackle projects side by side Gif more and do more together this Father's Day with help from the Home Depot Exclusive to Llyicey and wever. com slash Press Match for details Hello everyone. So that was the National Anthem of Brazil, one of the great World Cup teams. and we haven't actually had any Brazilian history, I think, since the last World Cup. So it is great to have them back. And Brazil, of course, more closely associated with the World Cup pererhaps than any other team. they've won it A record five times And the team that won in nineteen seventy in Mexico, the team with Pelle and everybody, often seen as the greatest national side of all time Even though Dominic, I think World Cup history specialists generally agree that England would have won that tournament had the CIA not poisoned Gordon Banks, the England worldkeeper I don't think they do. I think they probably do. Anyway, that's by the bye. We lost to Brazil as you were recall time in the groups. Remember that game? I don't because I was only two at the time. Yeah. Anyway, enough about football, let's move on to more important things such as Don Pedro II, the last Eperor of Brazil, and I mention him, because he's very much a friend of the show, isn't he He ruled from eighteen thirty one to eighteen eighty nine, but that's a kind of peripheral detail. What matters about Dom Pedro is that he has a sensational beard. He loves the library, he loves music, he loves scientific, kind of all kinds of stuffly meteorite. Yeah because he sending he was always sending people off on mad expeditions to recapture meteorites from the depths of the jungle and things I think that's what you want from a Brazilian emperor Well we've gotten back today Oh, brilliant. Yes. So hi everybody. our first forry into Brazilian history since the last World Cup. Last time, as Tom says, we did Dom Pedro I second This this time we're doing the anthem. And Don Pedro I second is returning. That's great to hear. So a cameo appearance. We've also got the first man to see the Southern Cross, It'ertain only the first European to see the Southern Cross anyway. The Southern Cross is a star, isn't it? C constellation? It's a constellation. We have some great characters. We've got a Jewish, half Jewish, half Creole pianist from New Orleans And we have the Brazilian captain at the nineteen eighty two World Cup, who Tom, you will admire because he had the excellent name Yeah. Top philosopher. Socrates. Exactly.. We've gained one or two listeners since the twenty twenty two World Cup. And since we haven't done any Brazilian history before, and since Brazil's history is actually largely unknown outside Brazil, we should do a little bit of a sort of a panorama or a tour Dorison. Brazil, of course is one of the world's biggest countries is the fifth biggest in size and the seventh in population. And it's presumably the country with the largest rainforest. Yeah undoubtedly. But its history oddly for such a vast country is almost completely unknown outside the Portuguese speaking world. So to give you a sense of Brazil's story, until the sixteenth century you've got this vast forested landscape, tropical landscape, we have about seven million indigenous people, semi nomadic people the Guadarani and so on Th a fifteen hundred The first European fleet arrives under Portugese nobleman Pedru Alvareres Cabral. And Cabal called it the area that he found. He called it the island of the True Cross, the Ilia, the Vera Cruz. Once they discovered it wasn't an island, they called it the Terra de Santa Cruz, the land of the Holy Cross But within about a decade said by the fifteen tenens, people have started to call it the Terre de Brazil And that's after the Brazil wood that they find there, which is a wood that gives you this red dye, this rich red dye. But if they hadn't had that rich red dye, they might have been called Vera Cruz. It would be. It would probably be called O Santa Cruz or something of that kind. Yeah, Eactly. So under the Treaty of Toreas, which we've talked about before, we're mo doing episodes about the conquistadors. The N world is divided between Portugal and Spain and because of miscalculations on the part of the Spanish, they don't realize how far into the Atlantic Basically Brazil projects eastwards. and Brazil falls under the jurisdiction of Portugal. And this really is your classic example of what historians of imperialism called kind of extractive colonialism So they treat Brazil, the Portuguese as a massive cash cow and they are using it for its natural resources of sugar, gold and coffee. There's an issue, isn't there? There aren't the kind of huge populations that are necessary to do this extraction. Not at all. A lot of the indigenous people, of course, die. They die of disease, vast numbers of them die. And so the solution, as elsewhere in the New worldorld, but on a much greater scale than anywhere else is slavery. This is the defining institution of Brazilian history, much more so than the United States, where we often When think about slavery we think about the United States, Brazil looms are much larger. So almost half of the West African slaves transported across the Atlantic. ended up on Brazilian plantations. So we're talking about four to five million people And Brazil was actually the last country in the Western hemisphere to abolish slavery in eighteen eighty eight. And today, at least sixty percent of Brazilians, probably more, are descended from African slaves. This iss a brilliant history, basically the only real, really good English language history of Brazil by Lila Schwartz and Elouisa Starling, which I think I mentioned in the Dom Pedro the second episode, four years ago. And in their book, they joke, I think it's quite a common joke in Brazil that Brazil is the world's second largest African country after Nigeria And Don can I ask you? Yes. Imagine you're a slave being taken across the Atlantic? Yeah. Would you rather go to the United States or Brazil? Where would be worse? I think no question you'd rather go to the United States. Slavery in Brazil is hell on eararth. It's awful And what makes it so hellish It's extremely violent. There's no abolitionist movement in Brazil or a very small abolitionist movement compared with that in the United States, it's much later. And is it also that the white exploitative class is much smaller relative to the number of slaves? So therefore they're more frightened. Exactly, more insecure. So even by the standards of the New world, slavery in Brazil is extraordinarily cruel And actually It's a great question, Where would you your rather go? there's a very simple answer. Most people, the single thing you want to do as a human being is to prolong your own life And in the United States, as a slave, you die at the age of thirty five. As a slave in Brazil, you die at the age of twenty five. So there's your answer.. Okay. And slave revolts, because it's very violent, because central authorities are so weak Because instions colonial institutions are so fragile, slave revolts are much more common in Brazil So you have gigantic slave uprisings in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, which then provokeed violent repression in their turn So in their book on Brazilian History, Schwartz and Stalin described the Brazilian plantations as quote Hell on earth, a frenzy of cruelty, a world of violence rooted in the figure of the master and his supreme power under the law, the marks of which were constantly registered on the bodies of his slaves Now why do I say all this when we're talking about the national anthem? Because the National anthem never mentions slavery at all, obbviously. I It's not the kind of thing you would sing about as No The answer is that as we've discussed in previous episodes, Germany, the United States, the Dutch Republic and so on. a national anthem tells a story. about a country and about sort of the idea of the nation as a united family It's very difficult to do that in Brazil because there's a fundamental instability that runs right through Brazilian history Weak central authority, the legitimacy of authority was being questioned A constant tension between the capital and the provinces a sense that the next colossal rebellion is just around the corner. It's hard to tell a collective story about Brazil's history behind which everybody can unite. And that explains why for so long National Anthem didn't have any lyrics. Now It wasn't a deliberate choice, it was because they couldn't actually agree on what story they were going to tell. I mean, I suppose if we think about so many of the anthems that we've done, The idea of kind of liberty and freedom. is I mean, a fairly common theme. And obviously, that's impossible, isn't it in the context Exactly. Brazil. you need an enemy often with an anthem. So for the Americans, it was the British, for the Dutch, it was the Spanish You know, even though their anthem is quite ambiguous about their relationship with the Spanish The Germans, it was actually the French and for the British, it's the Spanish and the French. There's almost always an adversary. And in Brazil, as we'll come to, It is at first the Portuguese. So let's get to the story of why Brazil needs an anthem in the first place. So we start at the beginning of the nineteenth century. So in eighteen oh eight The Government general of Brazil, as it's called, is the biggest state in Portugal's colonial emmpire. It's got about two point a half million people. So it's slightly smaller than Portugal itself. And a third of those people are slaves. There are two big cities, Rio and Salvador, and there The slave population is actually bigger probably half in Rio three Qarters in Salvador. There's a sort of wild west vibe to these places. So people who visit say streets are a potholle, they are full of rubish. It's all very chaotic and very violent and One British visitor called Rio one of the dirtiest congregations of human beings under the sun. If you're a refined, elegant Portuguese courtier, Rio is basically the last place in the world that you would ever want to live However You are going to have to live there Because in the summer of eighteen oh seven Napoleon Bonaparte had lost patience with Portugal's refusal to join his continental system So this is the blockade, the embargo against Britain to try and drive Britain out of the Napoleonic wars. And the French and the Spanish in november eighteen oh seven invaded Portugal and they basically stormed towards Lisbon. By the time they got to Lisbon, they found that the entire Portuguese royal family The whole of the court Most of the political elite had gone They had embarked on British ships under Sir Siddney Smith. We're talking about almost fifteen thousand people and they had sailed off to Brazil, an absolutely unprecedented moment. You know, the entire court fleeing across the Atlantic. So it's a bit like the plans that were made to remove the British royal family in nineteen thir Canada to Canada in the US. Exactly. Yeah. And chief among them are the quQueen of Portugal Donna Mania who is kind of out of public life. She's got massive depression and mental illness And her son and regent who is JZo and his son Pedro. So three generations And off they all go and they establish their court in Rio And here they run their empire in exile. So this is the first time in history that an empire has been governed not from the metropolis, but from a colony that is in both the western and the southern hemisphere So it's a sort of reallyally interesting kind of transfer of power from Europe to the Americas. Anyway eighteen fifteen, the Polans beaten to Waterloo And a year later, Donna Maria, who is the sort ofenomenal quQeen of Portugal, dies So now her son, Jel Dom Jois theI, King of Portugal But he's still in Brazil. And he's still in Brazil. He's still in Rio. So Dom Juo is a very shy man, he's very religious He basically spends all his time listening to sacred music. So listening to anthems. Yeah, he listens to anthems, exactly He's got constant panic attacks. he's always depressed He wears the same coat all the time, even in bed. He loves this coat. I mean, I've got to say he does not sign the kind of man he could have taken on Napoleon. No, no, no, he's done well getting out to Rio. Yeah. And he is in no hurry to go back to Portugal. If you went back to Lisbon ility the political elitite, political reformers, liberal constitutionalists would just be badgering him the whole time. But what about all the potholes in Rio and the rubbish? He doesn't mind the potholes because Rio also has lovely birds and he's a big nature lover So here goes an expeditions to the countryside to look at The nature, nice trees and plants Tropical shrubs. Is he a fan of volleyball? Exactly. I don't think they're doing volleyball at this point. So at the end of eighteen fifteen, he elevates Brazil to the same level as Portugal So he now rules a kingdom called the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves I don't know exactly why the algales are plural. Maybe listeners can explain that to me. Now back in Portugal, The sort of liberal elites in Porto and Lisbon Understandably hate this. They like, whyy on earth have we seeded first place Why was sharing it with these upsts in Brazil? Also, Portugal is in a massive mess after the Napoleon it Wars. Their harvests have failed, their econom is in ruins. They're no longer really top dog in their own empire, they're very cross. And then the spring of eighteen twenty one, they sent Dom Zho an ultimatum And they said, come back to Portugal Or else, basically. And he said, o fine, very disconsolately. And before he left, he called in his twenty two year old son, Pedro So this is the future Dom Pedro the first. And he says to Pedro, I'd like you to stay in Rio. you're going to be my regent in Brazil Now he and Pedro don't get on at all, but this is the only time they ever have any connection because Jo says to Pedro Pedro. If Brazil breaks away It would be better that it is by your hand than by the hand of some adventurer. Oh Essentially the king of Portugal and Brazil Yeah. is basically telling his own son to lead a secessionist movement. Kind of, yeah, That's unexpected. You could say he's being far sighted. That's another first for Portugal Yeah, he's being far sighted. He's basically saying Probably Brazil is going to try and break away. I would like it to stay in the family. If it looks like it's going to break away, you'd be on the right side. So It it would be a bit like the Prince Regent being the governor of New York or something and leading the revolution. George III, being summoned back by angry mercantile elites in London. and saying to the Prince reggent before he leaves, these if the colonists refuse to pay their taxes, put yourself on their side And then it'll stay in the family. So an alternative history in which the first leader of the United States is the Prince Regent. What could have been I mean, he's got his own teeth, which is something you could say for him. Yes, that's true So now we have a very strange situation where Zo has gone back to Lisbon, but Pedro is the top dog in Rio. And Petro is an interesting character He's very intelligent, He's very well read He loves all the new liberal ideas. He's been reinging Voltaire, he's beeningading Edmund Burke He's also, you know, as is so often the way, spoiled, impulsive, erratic. But he's not hiding out in bed wearing a coat. No, he's not wearing his coat proactive. He's a bit of a letcher actually. He's a hit with the laders. so his coat would not come in handy. Because he's grown up and spent so much of his life in Rio, he cares much more about Brazil than he does about Portugal And the local politicians recognize this and they say, well If we work on this guy, we can use him as a figurehead to get independence. Who wants to be pushed around out lot of people who make ports and corks or whatever they're making back in Portugal, who cares about them? We can pursue our own destiny. In december eighteen twenty one, the Portuguese who have kind of got wind of all this, they ask Pedro to come back to Lisbon as well they thought, you know him staying in Brazil is just encouraging separatism And then the Brazilians presented him with a petition signed by eight thousand people This is a very famous moment in Brazilian history, Tom, I'm surery you're all over it This was a reception at the Royal Palace in Brazil in january eighteen twenty two. He gets given this petition. He's very touched and he says as it is for the good of all And for the general happiness of the nation, I am ready tellell the people I will stay Hurrah, hurrah. Everyone in Ria is very pleased They can see what's coming So eight months go by And then on the twenty eighth of august fifteen twenty two A ship arrives in Rio from Lisbon And the ship has a message The Portuguese Parliament, which is called the Cultes audered Pedro to come home immediately and they've accused his ministers in Brazil of treason breach has come The ministerial council in Rio send a messenger off to find Pedro Pedro has gone off actually to visit Sao Paolo and he's on his way back. So the messengers don't catch up with him until the morning of the seventh of septtember, eighteen twenty two Tom the most consequential date in Brazilian history Wow So they find Pedro in a village outside Sao Paulo. not in very glamorous circumstances He's riding this sort of ragged, beaten down old horse He's wearing a very plain, unadorned military uniform He's recently drunk some dirty water And is suffering intense diarrhea. It's what two weeks since we had all that dysentery on Gipoli So yeah, great to have dysentery back on the show. It's very gallipi. He keeps him to get off his horse and relieve himself. He cuts a terrible figure. Why I mean, he's basically the ruler of Brazil. Why isn't he looking a bit more glamorous Why isn't he got trumpets? glamorous uniforms and things and an escort. Why is he just wandering around like Don uixote To be honest, I think Brazil is a little bit more W West at this point, okay than you're imagining. I think it's hard to wear braid and epalet when you are out in the jungle. Yeah, you're out in the badlands of Sa Paulo and you're crippled by intense stomach discomfort. Yes, I suppose. Anyway, a bloke comes up to him with the message to demand that he go back to Lisbon Pedro reads the message, and he throws it on the ground and he stamps on it And his confessor is with him, and Pedro says to his confessor, What shall I do? And the priest says, If your Majesty does not make himself king of Brazil, he will be taken prisoner by the CQordesh and will probably be disinherited There is no other path except for independence and separation. That's punchy stuff from the priests. Yeah. And Pedro, to be fair to him, even though he's in a bad way, he responds excellently. He says If this is what they want, this is what they'll get. The courtes are put persecuting me. they refer to me with contempt as a wretched boy and a Brazilian Well, they will see what this wretched boy can do And then he tears from his hat The white and blue Portuguese ribbon, at this point white and blue are the colors of the Portuguese monarchy And he draws his sword and he shouts unimprovably The time has come Iependence or death. That is very South American, isn't it? It's very South American. And people may doubt this because they may say Surely this didn't happen. but actually there are three separate eyewitness accounts that say that it did. Yeah. And it's exactly the kind of thing a romantically inclined young prince in South America,ich is exactly what he'd say. E if suffering horrendous stomach ramps. Yes. So. He returns to Rio a few days later and he's in very good spirits. so he's recovered from his dysentery. He's revered. He's recovered. And he's already wearing new colors instead of the blue and white of the Portuguese royal family, he's now wearing green and yellow. And the reason he's wearing green and yellow, we'll talk about the flag a little bit in the second half when we talk more about anthems. The green comes from his father's Braganza dynasty, Green is their color And he is married to a Habsburg So the yellow is the House of Austria. So the yellow in the Brazilian flag is Habsburg. Yeah. Wow. The green and yellow in the Brazilian flag are the colours of House of Bragganza and the House of Habsburg. You get the sense with Maximilian Yeah. The Habsburg L emmperor of Mexico. The Habsburgs are not at their best in the newew world. No, not in their best in the new world, but clearly not. Now, the whole of the newew world should belong to the Habsburgs, I think for the northern bit which should be British or be British. So on the twentieth of September, The Rio newspapers publish the news that he has declared independence. The headline says, Independence or death This is the cry that unites all Brazilians. Brazil has awoken from her lethargy and has resolved for dignity to shake off the weight that has oppressed her And two days later He writes his father The most famous letter in Brazilian history a very overwrought letter I, as the prrince reggent of the Kingdom of Brazil and its perpetual defender, declare null and void all the decrees and all else that has been imposed on Brazil by these factious, abhorrent, Machiavellian, chaotic, depraved, and pernicious cordets. He's an addictive. That's the Portuguese Parliament. He does. They are no more than a gang of villainous antim mononarchists and murderers who are holding Your Majesty in the most ignominious captivity Brazilian independence triumphs and will triumph, or we will die defending it. Is it quite Prince Harry to Charles III? Prince Harry, yes, gosh, if could he could go to Canada or something and declare Yeah. I mean, Canada is independent, I suppose, but he could cast off The British moniquin set himself up as a rival Canadian monier suppes I think you'd be quite suited to Canada. M's Harry? Yeah. No. Yeah Canadians are quite hardy people. Harry's fought in Afghanistan? The Canadians wouldn't do all that business with Elizabeth Ardenkream, surely, when they got frostbes. Of course they would No, they wouldn't. Canadians are both they're kind of know, mounties. They like kind of galloping around in. I'm thinking about you. suddenly I've to thought about Justin Tudeau, and I think you might be right. Yeah, exactly. but also they're very, very kind of woke and. They're very woke Not all of them though. The Prince Harry Ford in Afghanistan tickakes one box and the woke staff takes another p. Peals to both. Yeah appeals to both Mark Carney and Poalievre or something. A man who looks like a Tour MP from a casting agency. And all the truck drivers? Yes, theuck the Alberta peoplebert Albert lo men I I think Bur' Roman,or, happen, it's notice sorry I'm ging my., Burt' Roman And Mark Carney. Right. He took both anyway listen Well it's great to have in Canada on the show, anyway. Well, they are hosting the World Cup. so there So Brazil has become independent and Pedro becomes Don Pedro I, Cstitutional emperor and perpetual defender of Brazil. And the green and gold, the new green and gold colourors are flying everywhere. There's loads of merch, there's fans, there's mugs, there's clocks, there's loads of stuff in these new colors So it's a very unusual revolution Schwartz and Styling in their book say it's both unique and bizal liberal and conservative because on the one hand, they've created a new country. On the other hand, basically they haven't there's absolutely no talk really of a republic. or of a new dawn. It's not like the American Revolution or the French revolution It's a new imperial monarchy and there's no talk of abolitionism. No hint of abolitionism, no talk of a challenge to slavery. In fact, the people who are leading this revolution are people who often own lots of slaves, they're landowning elites. What the Brazilians want to do, they look at what's going on with the Spanish Empire which is all completely fallen apart and feuding and you know Tos. they want to avoid anything similar And that's why they go for an empire. They think an empire is the best way to keep this vast sprawling territory of Brazil intact. And the emperor will function as a focal point and the emperor will allow us to transcend the regional divisions. It's actually not a bad system. I think it's quite smart. So you've got an emperor You got a flag. Yeah. What about An Anthem? Well, this is the thing. Who would you get to write the anthem of your new country. And the answer is you want somebody who's really invested in it. someomebody who's already shown himself to care a lot about independence and a man who will defy physical discomfort to do his bit for his country. Does Don Pedrero write it? Don Pedetre himself writes the tune for the new anthem, which is called The Hymn of Independence. Now it's possible and indeed likely that he had help from court musicians As far as I can tell, there isn't a singlerazilian historian who seriously doubts that he wrote it. He did write it himself. So he's the most musical empress at's Nero. Yeah He didn't m like the words though So the words were written by a poet and newspaper editor called Evaristo Ferre D Vega I Baros And it's incredibly long This first anthem. How long is it? It's not as long as the Dutch. It's probably about eight verses or ten rather than fourteen. What's the standard of the lyrics? Poor. I think really poor. I think actually Don Pedro comes out better than Evaristo Ferrera D Veggeti Baros Because some I'll give you an example of the lyrics. The August royal heir knowing the vile deceit in spite of the tyyrants, wish to stay in his Brazil in spite of the tyrants, in spite of the tyrants wish to stay in his Brazil That's one verse. Pedro show your face, your bolden Virar soul We have in him the worthy chief of this empire of Brazil We have in him the worthy chief, we have in him the worthy chief of this empire of Brazil. It's not a banger. It's not a banger, but you can see the appeal of it to Don Pedro, I guess, if there's going to be an anthem in which he's being praised for his bold and virile soul. Exactly, exactly. For the next nine years, this is the sound of Brazilian freedom But bad news for fans of Don Pedro The first Bord is not well in his Brazil Be I said at the beginning, how violent and unstable it is Throughout the nineteen twenties, there a series of revolts there's a massive revolt in the northern province of Pernambuco And the rebels there call for a separatist conffederation of the Equator which has to be put down by the arrmy. I mean, this is so South American. There's then a big blow to his prestige in eighteen twenty five. He and his army lose control of their southernmost province, which is the Spanish speaking province of Cispllatina. And this becomes the independent country of Uruay set up with British protection because the British fancied having a friendly port on the river plate. the first winner of the World Cup of course. Exactly, first winner the World Cup. I'm actually a big fan Uruguay I like Urgay. I know you. And then a year later, eighteen twenty six, there are two big developments in Don Pedro's private life First of all, his father, Dom Zuo VI dies in his palace outside Lisbon back in Portugal And it's not clear who's going to succeed him Don Pedro succeed him and become King of both kingdoms, become emperor and king again Will somebody else in the family succeed him or Dom Pedro's preferred solution his own daughter So who's called Maria? Will she succeed his father? I'm on the edge of my seat. Then in december eighteenh twenty six, the otherder development, his Habsburg wife, Maria Leopold Ina dies in childbirth He has been a very poor husband. He's had loads of affairs He's been a massive Predator And because of this, rumors sweep Rio That she has died because he has beaten her and been brutal and neglectful and so on So that's bad for him And by the end of the decade The mood in Rio has definitively turned against him. People say He's a selfish brute, his wife died and it was his fault. and all he cares about is getting the Portuguese throne for his daughter Maria because now there's a kind of civil war going on in Portugal. So on the night of the eleventh of march eighteen thirty one, riots break out in the city of Rio. And this is an event known as you will know Tom It's called the Kight of Bottles I mean, of course I do know that, but I'll tell you what I've always want why bottles People are throwing bottles Of course, pretty pretty straightforward to be honest So the night of bottles unusually lasts for five days. The nights of bottles usually last just one day? I think a night usually lasts a night,? you're right. Yeah I think the clue is usually in the neigh, but not in this case. It's different in the southern hemisphere and in the New worldld. So magical realist. It is. So there are all these crowds fighting, liiberals are shouting Long live the Constitution, blah blah, blah,row bottles The city's Portuguese community because the city has a Portuguese community, they're shouting for Don Pedro. Weirdly, he was the B blo abandoned Portugal, but they're very much now on his side. Don Petro His cabinet say to him Okay, well to shore up your regime, you need to crack down on the Portuguese expat community They're absolute snakes that you got to cracked down on these people Make an example of them He says no way. I mean, I'm a Portuesee expat myself And he sacks all his ministers and appoints a load of cronies. looads of riots, loads of protests He tries everything to calm the crowds, but basically it's like remember we did the Iranian Revolution? I do. It's like that, but sort of jollier and jauntier. So there are you know regular demonstrations and riots and stuff. and eventually He thinks, well, if I don't do something decisive, there's going to be a call for a repepublic. that is the last thing we want. So in the early hours of the seventh of april, eighteen thirty one, Don Pedro I, the first emperor of Brazil announces that he will abdicate in favor of his son, who's only five years old, and is of course, also called Pedro and will become Dom Pedro I second. Yeah, a friend of the show. Bard meeorite guy. Yeah. but who's only a little boy at this point So Dom Pedro I first says to one of his courtiers Here you have my act of abdication I am returning to Europe and leaving a country that I loved very much and still love. Everything is over between me and Brazil Forever Sad He gets on a British warship. There's always British warships hanging around in this story He gets on a British warship, he goes back to Portugal. He fights the civil war He gets the throne for his daughter in the end And then at precisely the point that he's just got the phone for his daughter, he drops dead of TB. Age thirty five. Well That's quite convenient, isn't it for his daughter? For his daughter. And that is the end of Don Pedro I first But This raises a huge question forzil and for this podcast. Yes. So the anthem, because the anthem is all about him. So what are they getting now Yes, what are they going to do now? Wow. Okay. well, if you enjoy a national anthem themed cliffang Then I guess this is the cliffhanger to beat them all come back after the break to find out what the new anthem will be. This episode is brought to you by Lloyds. Now when you have ambitions, being able to see the bigger picture is just so important and history definitely teaches us that. My favorite example, not necessarily a brilliant man, but the Spanish conquistado Eernand Cortes. He was a visionary, he was an adventurer, but he also grasped that the emmpire of the Aztecs was vulnerable And he took his men in land and he was able to bring down the Aztecs, with just a handful of men. And of course, this isn't just a problem for blood soaked concistadors, it is true for the rest of us as well. Which is where Lloyd's comes in Their app helps you to see all your finances in one place so that you can feel clearer and more confident about what comes next. And rather like Cortes, you're managing the micro and the macro. So one moment, you might be managing day to day spending with budgeting insights using the app, or you might be getting guidance if you're thinking about starting a business. So whatever your next move looks like You can bank on Lloyds to help you make it with confidence. Visit Loyds Bank Hi, this is Garalinka from Goldhangers. The restest is foootball. This episode is brought to you by wise. 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Sign up online at mintmobile dot com slash history. And get three months of premium wireless service for fifteen bucks a month. forty five dollars upfront payment required, equivalent to fifteen dollars per month. New customers on first three month plan only. spepeed slower above forty gigabytes on a limited plan. Additional taxes, fees and restrictions apply. S Mint Mobile for details Hello everyone and welcome back to our Brazilian themed Rest is History todayoday. and the year is eighteen thirty one and you join us in a Brazil that is in the midst of Political turmoil, but also musical turmoil because they have kicked out Tster. Pedro the. So what are they now going to do about this anthem that he's left them? whichich is basically him of praise to his virility and strength and wisdom and stuff. can't proved himself to be useless hasn't he?. And the thing is they can't use new words for the anthem because he wrote the tune And it would be insane to have a tune written by the bloke you've just kicked out. Well, then this is really good Well it's not that good at. It's not that good. I think it's just generic early nineteenth century sort of jolly music. But there's good news. A local composer is already on the case. This is one of my favourite Brazilian composers of the eighteen twenties, Francisco Manuela Silver. Now, Francisco Manuela Silver actually knew Don Pedro I first because he had played in the chapel orrchestra at the Imperial Palace But clearly he wasn't a fan of the emmperor. Because as soon as the news of the abdication broke Silver had started writing a celebratory hymn And it took him six weeks to do it. He premiered it at the Sal Pedro Theatre, St. Peter Theatre And then he performed it again at a special gala along with a drama entitled The Fall of the Tyrant. Okay, that's ungrateful Very ungrateful Anyway He probably never envisaged this as a national anthem The title is not really very snappy. The title is o the great and heroic day of the seventh of april eighteen thirty one, a hymn offered to the Brazilian people by a fellow countrymen. I mean, the problem with that is it's going to date fast, isn't it? It is going to date fast. Yeahah, because who's going to care about it? It's not clear at this point whether it has any lyrics or whether it's just instrumental. The lyrics aren't published publicly until two years later, so we don't know really whether were you know, sung at the first performance or where they actually written in the next two years They were written by a liberal judge who was called ourvideo Sabiva de Cvalioi silva. And the general consensus among historians is that our video surviv' lyrics For this anthem abbsolutely terrible. Oh, why? They're just babble, they're really overwrrought and the only thing that distinguishes them is their Ferocious hostility to the Portuguese. No, which is not something you often get in song l. There are no many looucophobic No Lucophobic songs So to give you a sample of these lyrics, the canons of tyranny no longer roar in Brazil, the monsters that enslaved it no longer thrive among us Barbarians of Jewish and Moorish blood be gone, Our homeland is no longer your treasure house. It's hard to imagine in the twenty first century people singing the lyrics barbarians of Jewish and Moorish blood. I mean,' is obviously a reference to the sort of I guess The Reconquistter and u Portugal's kind of history of religious diversity. Spain famously expelled both the Moors and the Jews. So maybe it's a reference to the fact that Portugal distinct from that. Maybe, maybe. Anyway, even at the time in the eighteen thirties A lot of people say God these are poor lyrics, and they droppp them quite quickly. But they like the tune, Silvver's tune. They would play it at public ceremonies without any words. So the years go by under Don Pedro II, the secondcond Emperor. Brazil is very chaotic. There is massive tension between Rio and the provinces There are endless revolts and rebellions. There's another one on Ppernambuco. There's a slave revolt in Baya in eighteen thirty five. There's an unbelievably bloody rebellion in the northern state of Para in the late eighteen thirties in which a third of the population were killed, about thirty thousand people. And amazing, you never heard of it. No, exactly. So in eighteen forty one The political elite decided that the only way to try to impose a bit of stability and get a bit of legitimacy for the central government was to bring forward the coronation of the fourteen year old boy emperor, friendriend of the show Don Pedro II, because why? I think they just think we want to show You know, that the state is functioning Yeah. Yeah, the state is functioning. A bit of braid. People love a bit of braade. Yeah. By this point, this anthem. by Francisco Manuel dea Silvver, the one that he had written when Dom Pedro was kicked out This is accepted as the sort of de facto national anthem So they commission new lyrics for it The new lyrics are just as bad as the previous lyrics. No why? Are they being horrible about the Portuguese again? No, they're not. They're just bland and they're just rubbishy. Here we go. When you come auspicious day, may happiness dawn among us, We see in Pedro II the adventure of Brazil. That's mad. That's gonna date even faster. I mean, what if what happens if he dies? Well they decide he's rubbish and drive him into a exactly A this point The authorities basically say, okay, for Just keep humming. Yeah, just keep humming So keep playing this hymn by Francisco Emanuela Silver, whenever the monarch goes to public events, whenever this military ceremonies, but no lyrics. So for the next forty years, Brazil has a tune But it doesn't have any words. And can I just ask, This tune is the tune that they still have to this, is it? Yes, is. When you see Brazil, the Brazilian team line up, the music that you hear is the one that they're all harming at this point. And remember, think about the lyrics they could have had That's the question Yeah. They brought back a medalle of the old li. So anyyway, so for the next forty years they have a tune but no words. You know, these are a very turbulent and interesting forty years for Brazil. This is the forty years when they basically invent Brazilian identity So they have this idea of a unique tropical culture distinct from Europe, distinct from Portugal Brazil actually manages to win a war. onene of the bloodiest wars that people have never heard of, the War of the Triple Alliance against Paraguay There was a guy called Lawrence Blair who came on last year to do a bonus episode about this. It's a mad war. So you listen to that. About a million people died in this war. insane. constant slave revolts, they do end up abolishing slavery in eighteen eighty eight, but presumably it remains kind of deeply racist. Massively embedded, even to this day. Even to this day, it's hugely embedded Now during all this time, Dom Pedro II, as we described in our previous World Cup episode on Brazil in twenty twenty two, has been a pretty good emperor He's very widely admired and respected abroad. He loves art, he loves science. He founds opera houses and things. He's quite a nice guy, isn't he? He's called the Louis Xteenth of the Tropics. But that's not necessarily a good thing. comprim. Yeah. I mean Louis Xteenth isn't a very nice man. No. he's a much nicer guy than Louis. He's a nicey He goes around writing letters, fan letters to like Richard Wagner and Louis Pasteur and Victor Hugo and stuff. The one thing he doesn't have is words for his anthem He doesn't have that There is one attempt during his reign to do something with the Antho, and this is courtesy of a very unexpected character. An American composer called Louis Mau Gotchal Got shhock He came from New Orleans. His father was a Jewish immigrant from London and his mother was a Cole from the future Dominican Republic. Santa Dominican. And Gotchalk was a child prodigy who used to play the piano in hotels in New Orleans He was so talented that when he was thirteen, his father took him to Paris And the Paris conservatoire refused to even hear him play When they found out he was American He of the piano faculty at the Paris Conservatoire said and I quote There is no point America is a country of steam engines So they didn't even hear in play Anyway, what happened to Gotchau? He traveled Americas giving piano recitals He was thrown out of the United was fact drummed out of the United States in eighteen sixty five after having been accused of having an affair with a student, piano student in Oakland, California. He claimed that he had been framed by a rival piano manufacturer Chickering and Sunons, which was the brand of piano that he used in his tours. And what's the thought on that I I didn't I mean, who can who can say? I don't know. I don't even know what the rival was called. The references to the story are so opaque. I don't know who Chickering In Sun's great rivals were. I don't know I don't know how deeply they were embedded in the social life of Oakland, California Well I have to just on this subject, skate over. Iignnorance. Yeah. Total ignorance. In the summer of eighteen sixty nine, Gotchalk arrived in Rio, and he was greeted as a celebrity. Piano prodigists didn't often come to Rio. And Don Petro II thought he was brilliant and was all over him And Gotchau decided to write two different works inspired by the Brazilian anthem So he wrote a march that was dedicated to Pedro II and a piano work called The Grand Triumphal Fantasy on the Brazilian National Anthem which was dedicated Pedro's daughter Isabel And the grand Tumphal Fantasy was a massive hit at the time and remains current in Brazil to this day. There was a big sort of hha in the late twentieth century about reinterpretations of the Nationalland the military dictatorship of the sixties and sevents tried to stamp them out and The grand triumphal fantasy, bizarre, as it sounds became very popular on the left of Brazilian politics and was used by the Democratic Labour Party in its TV ads in the nineteen eighties So this guy got shk the guy who possibly disgraced himself in Oakland or being framed by a piano manufacturer I like to think the second I like the sound of him Anyay, so that's what happens to these grandren for fanascy. You can look it up on YouTube and listen to it if that's the way you like to spend your time Gotchhel himself came to a very sad end after he'd finished it. On the twenty fourth of november eighteen sixty nine, he was playing the piano at a concert in a Tiatro Lyrico Flumineni in Rio He had just finished his own piece, which was unbelievably called Morte Death when he collapsed. I can't believe you're laughing about this. Shortling away, it turned out he had yellow fever. Oh that's even funnier. And a month later, he died in his hotel. But here's the weird thing. He didn't die of the yellow fever. He died of an overdose of quQinine, which he'd presumably taken to combat the yellow fever. Hilarity ensues. So that's a strange story.way B to Pedro I second. If you heard a previous podcast about him, you will recall that in the late eighteen eighties Public opinion turned against him. They accused him of being a banana, didn't they? remember that? Yeah. they used to call him petro banana And the other guy who is the pair Louis Philie, some sort of greatfuit salad bug The whole series writes itself. It does. Okay. So people turn against him why the rich coffee planters were furious about the abolition of slavery Liberal intellectuals had swung towards Republicanism and they thought that he was old and boring and you know, an unsuitable figurehead for Brazil. And the army had turned against him. They were obsessed with ideas about progress and modernisation and they thought he and his court were backward and all this So they basically kicked him out in november eighteen eighty eight and they replaced him with this Another old man actually, a marshal with a massive beard called Marshall Deodora de Fonsecca. Well, what's the point in kicking out an old blake because he's got a big beard? getting another. Mad. insane. Exactly. Especially as Don Pedro II was basically, the best leader Brazils ever had. Yeah Dom Pedro II didn't have the will to fight, he went off into Paris, He died in Paris. and you may remember he had a massive state funeral where bas hundreds of thousands of people turned out. Yeah, because they all loved him. Exactly. So Brazil is now a republic, dominated by the big coffee oligarchs and the army. Big coffee. Big coffee. Big coffee is genuinely running Brazil at this point they rip Dom Pedro's name off all the streets and all the buildings is the classic story. They changed the image on the banknotes. to like Philip II in the Dutch Revolt. Exactly in a Dutch National Anthem podcast. They also tweet the flag, they do all sorts of things. But they keep their hatspat stuff. Well, as we shall see, they do, they're still the yellow, right? What cols does Brazil play in? They play they wear yellow shirts They do need a new anthem. Well, they need new lyrics, right? Be the tune remain? Well, they decide at this point they'd like a new tune as well. Okay. So they have a public contest for a new anthem They have chosen the words. already, they want the anthem to fit the words They've got They've chosen a poem by a liberal writer And they've all got massive names This riter is called Jose Joaquim de Cambush de Castra de Madiroi Albuquerque and He's written the poem. Please tell me this is good. It's not great actually. mean you tell me I think it's probably better than the previous ones. I'll read it to you. you can tell what you think. May this rebel song be an unfurled mantle of light under the vastness of these skies This rebel song that comes to redeem our past from inglorious deeds Liberty, Liberty. abbove us spread thy wings through the struggles in the storm grant that we hear thy voice. It's better than the previous ones. It's better than the previous ones. A little gassy. Yeah, gassy, exactly, exactly. So these are the lyrics. twentywenty nine people enter the competition to write the tune They have multiple rounds to the Eurovision song contest style There is an ominous sign. beforefore the second round, a journalist asks this new president, Marshall Dodoro with his massive beard What do you think of the entrance so far Deodor said I prefer the old anthem Oh okay So they have the final At the Tiatro Lyrico Fluminene, the place where Gotchulk, the pianist died with his yellow fever. They have the final at this theatre. They pay the finalists They pay them all twice, Marshall Deodoro and his ministers A listening in the Ryal box Day it'or leaves the Royal box to consult. It's like that moment in the Eurovision. when you're waiting for the results to come in, thenen he comes back into the box with his ministers, they retake their seats The interior minister stands and he reads the result and he says After all that We'll stick with the old anthem after all So good. They've stuck with the old anthem but they haven't got any lyrics for it still. Marthall Deodoro falls from power after a year out with Congress. Is this because theyre cross with him for not choosing a new. I don't think the anthem plays a massive part in that, Asolutely frankly. It' be nice claim and it would make the episode better Yeah It wouldn't be true. The National anthem revolt A marthial Deadr's fall just a year after they've kicked out Don Pedro II, sets the tone for what follows. So to quote the Brazilian writer Pedro Vasquez In the next century, Brazil had twelve states of emergency, nineteen military revolutions, two presidential resignations, three presidents prevented from assuming office, four presidents deposed, seven different constitutions, four dictatorships, and nine authoritarian governments Which is a lot. The consequence of that is that it's very difficult to arrive at a consensus for new lyrics for the national Pcisely So s spit. Besides a priority. No Basically, there'll be a coup in another year and they'll want their own lyrics So there's no lyrics. Now the problem for the government is people have started to make up their own lyrics There are complaints flooding in all the time. A peopleeople will sing the anthem in school. Teachers will get their children the pupils to sing the anthem, but the teachers will make up their own lyrics And some regional governments have decided to start imposing their own lyrics which are generally about their own state So there'll be supposedly a national anthem. But it turns out that the lyrics are all like, o, this state is absolutely brilliant and the best of all states and the others are useless or whatever. Well, unless you're Bertto Brecht. Yes, I guess so. Yeah. We're no better than anybody else Hopefully in the future people won't recoil from us in horror anymore. Yeah. In nineteen oh nine They held yet another contest to write lyrics for the old anthem. And this is worn by a man called Osorio Du Estrada He is the man who wrote the lyrics that exist. today What's he like? This man who sets his stamp on Brazilian musical history It's hard to find out anything very interesting about him He's a sort of generic early twentieth century Latin American intellectual with a sort of curled mustoustache and a very stiff collar. He shares all the sort of idealistic enthusiasms of the early twentieth century, so progress, modernity and so on by winning this competition, He has landed himself in a world of pain. Because for the next decade His lyrics are constantly being debated in Congress and in the press, and he has to rewrite them nine times So he must be heartily sick of having won this competition. And this drags on and on and on. But by the early nineteen twenties the centenary of Brazilian independence. Now you will recall, Tom, the most important date in Brazilian history is the seventh of september eighteen twenty two when Dom Pedro II declared independence. Well, the centenery in nineteen twenty two is fast approaching And Rio is going to host a World expxpo to celebrate. They do have so many worldld expos at this time, outn't there? They do. peopleople love a worldld expxpo. They've got fourteen countries coming, a very strange lineup actually The people you'd expect to go like the US, Britain, France are going, Portugal are going. also just little random European countries Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Norway But not many South American countries. Is that because they're jealous I think they just don't care. Yeah, Right. I don't know. Maybe they are jealous. It built some absolutely thrilling attractions So there is the main thing is a series of pavilions There's the statistics pavilion. Oh brilliant. There's the agriculture and Roads pavilion There is the large industrious pavilion There is the small industries pavilion I'm amazed more people aren't going. Well, Callum, very foolishly, I think, has said it sounds rather like the rest of history firstestival at Hampton Corpt Yeah, peopleople who come into that are going love our statistics tent But Three million people go to this expo in Brio. so that's even more than a g to the restest of Historyestal Hamsing Gore Palace. The opening of the small industries and statistics pavilions is fast approaching They need an anthem. They need the lyrics, so eventually the federal government do a deal with this bloke Osorio Duquestrada They say Okay, we're just going to buy finish stop now, stop changing the lyrics. We're going to buy them off you. They buy them off him fiveive million Riche sounds which is whichich is apparently I learn from some enthusiastic Googling was half the price of a new car in Rar at the time. Oh so they' not very not an enormous amount. No. I mean, you have to write another anthem. If you get ons to the rest of the car. Yeah, to get the rest to get the rest of the car The very first radio broadcast in Brazilian history was the playing of this new anthem of was the old anthem with the new lyrics onn the morning of the seventh of September It was broadcast from Corcavado. which is this mountain above Rio, the mountain where Stat of Christ the reedemer. stands today. And actually Christ the Redemer, they began work on it this year so the first foundations had been laid while the sound of the anthem is drifting across the city. So it's a great year for Brazilian identity, national identity It is, It's a brilliant year for Brazilian didentity. Now we come to the lyrics. I will read these and you can tell me whether you think they're better than previous lyrics. Okay, so these are the lyrics you have today O beloved, idolized homeland. Hail, hail, adored land Amongst a thousand others art thou Brazil, O Boved homeland of the sons of this ground, Thou art a kind mother, Beloved homeomeland, Brazil I mean, they're like every other anthers They're not great, are they? No. I mean, there are loads and loads and loads of national anthems like that. So if we haven't done A national anthem, it's basic because they're all like that. They're so generic and so flowery and meaningless, I think I still think they're great. However, if you look up the text There are three specific references which it might be interesting to unpick just quickly. So that was actually the chorus that I read there. That was the course. Opening lines of the first verse are The placid shores of the Ippuranga heard the resounding shout of a heroic people and the sun of Liberty in shining Beams shone in the homeomeland sky at that instant Ipparanga is the stream outside So Paolo where Don Pedro diarrhea got the message and he shouted liberty or death and drew his sword in eighteen two. So it's kind of nice that Dom Pedro is still a little nod A little nod. Exactly exactly. The next reference, Brazil, an intense dream, a vivid ray of love and hope to earth descendeth, if in thy beautiful, smiling and limpid sky the image of the cross blazeth Now you might think the cross, this is Christian Cross, it's not really. It's the southern cross. The word in Portuguese is Crosero And this is this constellation that's only visible in the southern hemisphere was first described by a Portuguese astronomer, JZao Falash who had gone on the first voyage to Brazil in fifteen hundred set up an astrolabbe on the beach to work out where they were using you know the stars and stuff And he wrote a letter to King Manuel of Portugal describing the Southern Cross and including a rough sketch of it, the first sketch ever done So the Southern cross became a great symbol Brazil. As it is a symbol of Australia and New Zealand The new coat of arms of Republican Brazil when Dom Pedro II was kicked out actually includes the southern cross So The Southern cross matters great, the Cruero matters a great deal to Brazil They had four different currencies in the twentieth century called Cruuseros And there is fittingly as we a World Cup series There is a football team called Crzero founded in nineteen twenty one in Belao Rch And this is a team produced two of the players from the nineteen seventy World Cup winning team Tsa and piazza And Gzigno, who scored in every round of the nineteen seventy Wor Cup He played for Cruera later on And Ronaldo, the original Ronaldo, if you remember him Tom with his gappy teeth Bald Yes, he played for Gruera before he moved to PSV I. A little bit like Zap Polansky. U ye I can see a the teet the teeth Yeah. better at football than Zap Panansk. much better who doesn't strike me as a natural sportsman. He doesn't exude athletic prowess to know Zap Pelansky So near the end of the anthem, there's one of the reference, Brazil of eternal love may the starry ensign which thou displayest be a symbol And the starry end sight is the Brazilian flag and actually Weve made a few references to the Brazilian flag Brazil's flag is surely one of the most distinctive in the world. Yeah, for sure. And I hadn't realised it was a Habsburg tribute flag. Yeah. so basically, although it's changed multiple times, It is a tweaked version of the original flag adopted by Don Pedro. in eighteen twenty two. So if Brazil beat the Netherlands Philip II will have the last laugh as a Habsburg Yeah, he would So the green, the house, as I said, the house of Braganza, which ruled Portugual since fourteen twenty two The yellow diamond Habsburg, that's Dom Petro's wife, Maria Leopolddina Then there's a blue circle in the middle. Now originally in the blue circle there was an astrolab. Hence the thing you use to look at the stars. And the astrolabbe is also the middle of the Portuguese flag But when they kicked out the Portuguese, they replaced it with the stars, including the Southern Cross And their stars represent the twenty seven different states of Brazil And finally, there is a motto Brazil's flag is very unusual having a motto written on it and the motto is ordaini progresso And this means order and progress And this is a quotation from a French writer Auguste Cte Lamo proracip E laord pro bas le prorogre probu Love as a principle, order as a basis, progress as your goal Oder and progress It's the sort of motto of the positivist movement And in Latin America, people were obsessed with positivism in the late nineteenth century So this is a sort of anti clerical scientific progress, strong central government, embrace modernity, all of this. Auguste Cort was the great sort of progenitor of this. People loved him in Brazil. And they put his order and progress on the flag Unfortunately, order and progress were not really the guiding principles of Brazilian life in the twentieth century Actually this Wednesday Tom, We have a bonus episode with Paul Rouse, historian of Sport as well as of Ireland Wh is going to be talking about how the Brazilian military dictatorship which ruled from nineteen sixty four to nineteen eighty five, used football and in particular The World Cup winning team of Pelle and C in nineteen seventy How they use football to launder their image So a very interesting story Anyway The anthem itself never has a fixed political meaning and that's been true of so many anthems that we've talked about So You know how we were talking before in previous episodes about how people would basically cooopt or appropriate anthems and turn them for political purposes. Well, this has been the case with the Brazilian anthem too. So in the nineteen nineties, poor rural workers were demonstrating and occupying farms and calling for land reform They would sing the national anthem. And one of them said later when she was interviewed. She said it was the best way to stop the police from attacking us. They had no way of shooting at unarmed people who were singing the Brazilian national anthem But also of course very popular on the right. So when Jay Bolsonaro the I have to say very un loveovely Pident of Brazil sort of M Chm of Trump's Yeah, Trump adjacent president of Brazil When he lost his bid for re election, twenty twenty two and his supporters went berserk sort of MAGa style uprising. And a lot of them were filmed seeing in the National Anthem while doing Nazi salutes. think is not very admirable. But the most celebrated use of the anthem comes from the nineteen eighties. So I mentioned the military dictatorship. In the mid nineteen eighties, the military dictatorship was losing its grip on Brazilian society And it was under huge pressure from a movement called Dirta Jah direct elections already. which was demanding free presidential elections And they organiz these huge rallies with hundreds of thousands of people And the rallies had lots of kind of cultural and sporting figures associated with the most famously Socradiz, the captain of Brazil in nineteen eighty two, who paid for a team called Corinthians and Sao Paulo, and he got all of his teammates to wear political messages on their shirts. Is that the only mention we get of Socrates? That's the only mention get of Socrates? Yeah. I was hoping for a little bit. tease do with it but I mean we can talk about Socrates privately if you're desperate to. If you analysis of like how he worked with Adair Falca and Serzo in the midfield of nineteen eighty two Tom I am the person to talk you through that And his relationship with Plato. Yeah, exactly. How does this relate to the anthem, this movement that Socrates is a part of? One of the most celebrated figures in this movement was a singer called Ffad de Beling who was then in her late twenties. And she was seen as a great sex symbol in the nineteen eighties, The voice of the masses So has this very low husky voice A little bit like the sound that you associate with Portuguese fado music. that's kind of Husky kind of lament. Yeah. And she would go to these rallies for father Blling and she would give this performance of the national anthem. The regime had banned anything but very, very formal interpretations of the anthem They said you have to follow the nineteen twenties orrchestration If you do anything else with it You are disrespecting the anthem disrespecting Brazil So you can't do it in a different way. So this is a little bit like, remember the Sarpangle banner And we were talking about Jimy Hendriickx and whatnot. Yeah. This is carrying that to another degree. This is basically saying you're breaking the law if you do anything other than do it in this very rigid formal way And she would go to these rallies with hundreds of thousands of people And she would give very, very dramatic reinterpretations of the anthem, but playing within the rules. No, breaking the rules. Breaking the rules. Incredibly slow, mournful melatrumatic and people would be crying during the anthem. like thousands of people would be crying while she was singing it And it became the emblematic sound of protest in the eightes. And if people want a sense of what I mean If you go onto her YouTube channel You can find a clip of her performing it in that style in the Senate in Brazilia twenty thirteen because for the twenty fifth anniversary of the new democratic cononstitution that had been introduced in nineteen eighty eight when the dictatorship finally fell to celebrate the anniversary and invited her into the Senate give her performance to give her rendition And she did it there to celebrate the fact that democracy had been reintroduced and the protestors had ultimately won And so Tom We end with that very rare thing on the rest of history a relatively happy ending Well, that's wonderful And actually in the manner of speaking, we're going to have the same in our next episode The final episode, which is going to be about the National anthem of South Africa. and in that as well as football there will be Quite a lot of rugby, rugby, excellent. All right. And so obviously if you're a massive fan of rugby, or indeed, if you're a fan of Nelson Mandela, you may want to listen to that immediately. And if you're not already a member of the Rests History Club, you can get that by joining us at therestershistory d. com. Thank you Dominiic. thank you everyone for listening Let's say goodbye with the national anthem Brazil Be by bye You know Hi everybody. it's Dominic Sembrok here. There are two weeks to go until the restest is history's inaugural festival on Court Palace. And frankly, I could not be more excited. There's going to be medieval combat. there are going to be all sorts of big name historians. You can go to the palace. You can feast like Henry VIII on the very lawns where he walked. In the sunshine, I'll be talking to Tracy Bormann about the tutors. I' would be talking to Kato Heoya about Weimar Germany. I'll be talking to Ian Hislop about the history of Satire. So it's on two days. it's on Saturday the fourth of July and Sunday the fifth of July. The bad news is we have actually sold out the allocations that we were given by Hampton Court for both days The good news, however, we have persuaded Hampton Court to let us have more people So There will be a handful of extra tickets available for both the Saturday and the Sunday. Now we do expect all of those extra tickets to sell out really quickly. so please Do not wait to get your hands on them The tickets are exclusive for club members. It's one of the benefits of being a member of the Rest is History Club frankly, if you're not a member