The Future of Tiered Internet Access

From WBEZ Chicago, it's this American Life. I'm Hannah Jaffee Walt sitting in for Ira Glass. When Sharin Jafari moved to the US as a young adult, there are a lot of promises made to her family back home. We'll be in touch all the time , call you every week, almost like we're in the same town. Which is the kind of thing you say. But Sharin actually pulled this off for the last 20 years. We are a close family. We message several times a day, um, we send each other reels like normal stuff. I mean I don't want to lose those details, those small details of their lives uh because I am so far away from them. And they really get into the details, this family. Who ate what? How far was the walk? What's the latest with the dental work? On the phone, by text, random thoughts tossed out at any hour. Have you seen this pumpkin dessert? Unsolicited suggestions. I would send them uh videos of exercises they can do at home . Like you worrying about them getting enough movement. I would love them to yeah, I would love yes. I yes I have been trying to get my mom to do more yoga and my dad to not sit all day. How's that going? Not great. So just like a constant ongoing conversation with them. Totally. The kind of thing that you would be asking them if d if you were actually in the same space and close. Then in February, the United States and Israel attacked Iran, where her parents live. And on that very same day, the first day of the war, the Iranian authorities shut the internet down, just put the whole country into an internet blackout. A shockingly effective blackout. I it would just disconnect. I wouldn't I didn't hear anything. It would just disconnect. Did you do it over and over again? Yes, of course. I tried so many times. I wouldn't be able to get through. Calling through cell phone was impossible. It just became useless. The cell phone became useless for us. The only way I was able to communicate with them was them calling on a landline uh to my cell phone. That was the only way they could reach me. Text message, email, nothing else was working. After that point, no, they called me on the landline and it's funny when I think of it, you know, there were so many times when I visit them and we I would tell them, Who needs a landline ? Maybe you guys should get rid of this, you know. In this day and age, who needs a landline ? Inside Iran, what was happening was, as soon as the war started, cell phones were only working to call people inside the country. No internet . Communication with the outside world became so difficult, it was like going from breathing regularly out in the open to being underwater and breathing through a straw. Workarounds like VPNs are expensive or janky, some are flat-out scams, and they're banned. A private satellite service like Starlink, illegal, and people have been arrested for using it. So, the landline. That was the only way Sharin's parents could reach her. But when bombing got too intense in Tehran, they fled the city, leaving behind the landline. And Sharin was left going for days, sometimes weeks, without hearing from them. Were they okay? Were they safe? She'd go on social media, scouring every platform, looking for anyone she knew in Iran who had found some brief internet workaround to ask them if they'd heard from her parents. So um sometimes I would stay up at like three or four AM looking for any information that I can get from any relative or friend or somebody who knows my parents that could um be online , I would just send messages to everybody. Like, hey, let me know if you are online. Let me know the next time you're c you're connected. Um, can you give me an update? Uh just message me as soon as you see this message. I've heard a lot in the last two months during this war about deals and negotiations. I've heard about bombings by the US and Israel and by Iran. Also lots about oil prices and the stock market and the Strait of Hormuz, but I haven't heard much at all from Iranians inside Iran. What are they seeing and thinking and doing and talking about? For the last few weeks, we've been working with two journalists in the United States, Fatima Jamalpur and Raksana Sabari, to collect voice memos from inside Iran. So many people sent messages, even though it was difficult and dangerous for them to get these messages out. But people wanted to be heard. I have not heard anything like these from inside Iran. I guess that's part of the point of an internet blackout. So that's what I want to share with you. Today's show we hear from people inside Iran, where war is only part of what's going on for them. That's coming up. Stay with us. It's this American life, today's episode, blackout . Other places have had their internet cut off during a war. Iran is not the first. But this isn't something that's being imposed on the country from the outside. It's being done by the leadership of the country to its own citizens while they're being attacked, in this case by us, the United States, and Israel. Listening to these messages that people sent us, you really get the feeling for how total a blackout is. I had the thought listening over and over that every part of what they're saying is not supposed to be heard. Even basic things like what are people doing every day? A blackout is not a censorship that goes line by line. It is wholesale redaction of people's lives and sometimes deaths. Here's what it took for people to get these messages out of Iran . They had to borrow or pay for a VPN or satellite connection, wait for it to actually work. Starlink connections in Iran keep getting shut down They had to not get caught. Iranians have been imprisoned for speaking with foreign media. It sometimes took days to get these voice memos out of the country to us. Often short messages, a minute at a time, so the files were small enough to get through. The messages came from a whole range of people from different parts of Iran, different ages, professions, political views, and also different experiences. Every time I got one of these messages , I stopped what I was doing to listen all the way through. So I want to play them for you the way I heard them, one person after another. We have edited them, but tried to leave them at a length where you can really hear what people have to say as they go about their day. I'm gonna play the messages in four sections. We could call them acts. So here we go. Act one, both, and in these first few messages, people talk about the dual experience of living both in a war and at the same time in an internet blackout, both dragging on and on, sixty three days and counting as I record this now . First voice memo, Nag in. She's in her early forties and lives in Tehran with her boyfriend Amin . After breakfast I got ready to go to work, got into my car, and drove onto the highway This message and all the messages you're gonna hear in the show is being read by an actor. To protect everyone's identity in this show, we've changed people's names and we've asked Iranian and Iranian American actors outside of Iran to listen to the message Some of the original messages were recorded in English, most were translated from Persian. Once or twice we've changed the And then they started he hitting the east of Tehran. These strange, terrifying sounds. Um we were really not prepared for suddenly being in the middle of the highway and hearing sounds like that. Some people they just parked their cars and they got out and they were staring at the smoke. They didn't know what to do. Two, three people had gone and hidden in the bushes. It it was really strange . Then this delivery guy on a motorcycle passed by me. He he had this uh Kurdish accent . My windows down and I was completely terrified. He passed my car and said PB finally came. And I was like, my God, like nobody even knows how this war is going to end. Who cares about BB ? I finally made it to uh Soravagdy Street to go towards my mom's place and I saw that they had closed all the schools and they had called all the families to come pick up their children. Some of the mothers were clearly regular office workers. They were wearing their uniform of montoes and trousers and they were running on foot towards the schools because the streets were blocked. And everyone at the school was crying, begging for their children to come out faster . And um I went a little farther and I got to this girl s' high school and I saw these girls come out and they took off their headscarves and messed up their hair into the air and they were chanting that yes, um now we are finally becoming free . Then a bomb hit somewhere nearby and the sound was unbelievable, and at once people just poured into the streets and some people Hello, hope you're doing well . Uh first I apologize because unfortunately I've caught a cold these days. My voice is hoarse. This is Pu ya. He's in his mid thirties. He owns a pizza shop in Tehran. But look, c cutting the internet is a disaster. Our phones are constantly ringing. So and so be careful, such and such a place is being bombed So part of the news is actually pass from person to person. Once everyone is attacked, I don't do anything special. I mean I just sit where I am and go about my day, truthfully. There have been many times when I was cooking or doing whatever and I just continue doing it because there was nothing I could do at that moment . People come out now, eat, go to cafes, but economically you can't just say conditions are bad. Conditions are almost on the verge of collap se. We've laid off nearly 70% of the staff, or almost more . People still come to buy pizza, but much less often. Regarding the menu, some things have been limited. For example, the salads or the appetizers like chicken and so on. Because it might not be economically viable for people to buy them right now. I took away the salads for a month. I'm bringing them back at the end of the week. There are checkpoints everywhere in the streets. The atmosphere is really unsafe, like very highly securitized. And I mean we're we're very afraid of these checkpoints. We're really as afraid of the checkpoints as we are of bombs and missiles. She's talking here about checkpoints that have been set up all around the country by Iranian security forces, including the IRGC, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps. We know they check phones, we know they search photo galleries, we know they've arrested people we knew because of just something they found on their phone , like a photo or a call or following a certain page or something like that . That with me at all. But for example, now that I've started taking it out, I just constantly erase everything and clear my phone of everything . Honestly, when things are outside of my control, I just start cleaning and tidying my house. I constantly clean everywhere in the house. I vacuum, I wash the dishes so the house is perfectly tidy. I cook, I start dusting, vacuuming, washing the bathroom, washing the kitchen, washing all the dishes in the sink. I started making jam, which I have never done before. I scrubbed the whole house with the thought that if there's no electricity or water, at least my house would stay clean for a few more days . And then I took a shower. I blow dried my hair. I I mean I know it's really stupid. Like if they bomb your country 's infrastructure, this might help you for what maybe two extra days, but it gave me a good feeling psychologically at least. Next voice memo is from an emergency nurse, Sylfia, in her late 20s. She lives in Esfahan, central Iran. Sophia talked about something other people mentioned too, trying to use the sort of substitute very limited internal internet the Iranian authorities have created. The national intranet only works inside Iran. It's its own system , tightly controlled and surveilled. There are apps for messaging, texting inside the country, banking services. There's an Iranian search engine called Tor ib . And sometimes some international sites can be Sophia had a day off work and was testing out what she could and could not do on the internal system I wanted to buy kil owands, so I ordered that online and I had no problem with the payment. Some sites that you used to connect to directly through Tor ob, they don't open now. And so I don't know why some open, some don't. I mean I'm I I don't know what the problem is or what difference there is . Now I I almost feel a bit illiterate because before whenever something came to my mind that I didn't know I would quickly Google it and I spent so much time every day talking to Cat GPT. I would uh consult it about everything I I wanted to do. But now I I can't do any of those things because basically my phone has just turned into a tool for calling, texting, taking photos, things like that. That's it. There is an app they've provided as a replacement for Google called Zare bean, but I haven't been able to get anything decent out of it so far. I mean what you search for has to be very common and simple, like searching for the name of a medicine for example. And even then it doesn't show all the references. It brings up some very but simple Iranian references and basic explan ation . Otherwise it just it doesn't give you a uh proper answer for anything else. I even wanted to find a number for a fast food place to it so I could call them, but it wouldn't bring it up for me. That's how ridiculous it is . Okay, now I want to play a different group of messages for you. Act 2: The Blackout Before This One. From an American perspective, we went to war with Iran. That's what's happening there. That's where the story begins. But this war for Iranians landed in the middle of an on going story about what's been happening inside the country. And these next two people who sent voice memos, they had a role in that story. There have been regular, large protests against the Iranian regime for years in Iran . And right before the war, massive demonstrations erupted around the entire country. People took to the streets demanding the end of the regime, which has been in power in Iran for almost 50 years. And then Iranian authorities put the country into a full communications blackout. It started on January 8th. Over the next few days during the blackout, security forces massacred people all across the country. They killed thousands, possibly tens of thousands, of their own citizens . They did this at a moment when there was no way for people to tell anyone to post photos or videos , or to warn their friends, or call international reporters, or even reach family outside of the country. We still don't know the scale of the killing. Human rights groups have been trying to document as many deaths as they can. In a blackout, you can die without being counted . The two reporters who collected voice memos for today's show, Roxana Saberi and Fatima Jamalpur also managed to get messages out during the last blackout. Dozens of people inside Iran found ways to send them rare firsthand accounts, images, videos, medical records, that suggested that the IRGC and other security forces shot protesters at close range, targeting their heads and chests, their eyes. The protests and killings in January haunted some of the voice memos we got, even as people try to continue living, going about their normal routines. Amin is in his twenties, he's a professional bodybuilder in Tehran. He joined the protests. One of his friends was shot and killed while protesting. Med is at Parvar. He was a well known champion bodybuilder. I've been on a special diet since January . I wanted to compete back then, but I didn't. I cancelled it out of respect for those who were killed. Out of respect for Mr Zodper . After that, competitions were canceled altogether and gradually I just kept my diet because I saw I had nothing else to do . I usually wake up at four forty five and I do my cardio from five to six. I get by with seven or eight meals a day, even though prices have skyrocketed and my savings are completely gone. But I am still keeping at it anyway . I generally don't follow the news anymore, neither Iranian nor foreign news. Iran International says one thing and Iran state TV says another, so I simply don't get my mind involved with the news anymore. Unless, for example, Trump tweets whatever he puts And I am passing through it. The IRGC is completely controlling everything with its own full supervision . Recently I've been recording videos as motivation for those who think they just need to sit at home during the war. I really want to try to convince them through exercise they can live in a way that at least keeps their vibes high. Anushirvan is a doctor in the north of Iran. He's young, his in mid-twenties. He spent January treating hundreds of wounded protesters, some of them shot with military-grade weapons, sometimes at close distance, sometimes in the head. And while he was treating people, plain clothes security agents roamed the hospital. So if someone needed an X ray, Anushirvan and his colleagues would personally escort them to radiology so they wouldn't be detained. They showed people how to leave at the back door of the hospital. As he worked, Anushirvan began saving X-rays and photographs and notes in a panic that the regime, through its blackout, would succeed in hiding what it had done. In a lot of ways, it has . And now, in another blackout, an endless blackout, Anushirvan is just still doing his job. I believe it helped. Very interesting creatures, cats are I dressed up and called for a you could say in Iranian version of an Uber to the hospital. And uh the driver had a very say stereotypical type of beard. And my suspicions were confirmed when I sat in the car and saw two stickers of Solomani and Khamini on the dashboard of his car. Not exactly the two faces I want to see that early in the day, but you know. So he drove me to the hospital and uh saw a white lab coat in my bag and asked if I was a doctor. And then he said, May God give you strength, doctor. Of course, had the situation been a lot different, him or at least the An unignited dynamite. So I reached the hospital and it was a fairly nice shift. Um not a lot of critical patience, fortunately, so I could uh spend some time in the pavilion watching my new favorite show, The Walking Dead. Uh it's my favorite show because basically I cannot tolerate anything else because uh at least in The Walking Dead, the things are objectively worse for the people there than it is for Iranians right now. That is the only thing I can tolerate. Uh I really like the show. Uh Darryl is my favorite character. I sure hope nothing bad happens to him. And um well, let's see how poorly this ages . Uh one of my patients was a eleven year old girl for coming in with a chief complaint of extreme headache uh in front of her head. It was nothing too serious. I asked if she's uh undergone any stress recently. Kind of an obvious question these days, but you know, she was a child. I asked the parents if she uh had any access to any of the news of the war and they confirm ed it, which sounds like very poor parenting to me. So after making sure the hospital was stabilized, me and two of my friends went to the park near the hospital to smoke cigarettes. Uh I had I had never smoked s any cigarettes up until like two months ago. Uh my very first cigarette was upon hearing the the the news the confirmation of Khomeini being killed. And uh I'm really glad I waited that long because uh now every time I do it I'm reminded of that night as it was one of the best nights of my life. And U Shirvan spent more than half of his monthly salary on a VP N. Then he got online, finally, and was devastated. He saw some of what was being said about Iran in the wider world. By far the most difficult moments for me during the blackouts were times like this where I could barely connect with the VPNs, only to see people on social media falling for the regime propaganda. And I'm not talking about Iranians. These are people living in free countries, and that is incredibly depressing to see. I've seen charlatans actually denying the January massacre in which dozens of thousands of people were killed and whitewashing the Islamic Republic all the way through just because they disagree with this war or Trump or the US foreign policy as a whole, outright denying the January massacre and saying there was no evidence for that. The massacre which I saw happen and the evidence I collected. There is no excuse in that. They have zero right to do that. And for the first time ever, I truly understand why, for example, Holocaust denial is and should always be a crime, as you can't imagine the pain of seeing such privileged people denying your suffering. Coming up, more from inside Iran, including that day President Trump said a whole civilization will die tonight. What was that like? That's in a minute from Chicago Public Radio when our program continues . Today's show, we hear from people inside Iran. People who are living through a war and an internet blackout, that the UN Human Rights Office has said is quote, one of the longest and most severe shutdowns ever recorded globally. We're hearing what that's like from Iranians who managed to get voice memos out of the country in spite of it being difficult and dangerous to send them. Act three: neighbors, friends, and lov ers. Iran is a big country. It had deep divisions before the war. There were massive protests against the Islamic Republic and a brutal crackdown just over a month before America and Israel attacked. And in the messages we got , responses to the war were all over the map. All the people are happy, I'm telling you. Say thanks, President Trump, uh, thanks Netanyahu . Uh, they pray to God that um Bibi and Daddy , uh I mean uh Donald Trump, um they can uh they make help. Because many people as a joke and they say daddy to him. The protests and massacres in January convinced Bahid that change will never happen without outside help. Everyone is preparing themselves for the moment that uh President Trump and Bibi declare that the situation is such that uh that uh that people can come out, um they will flood to regime to take them over. They all expect to have a new life after this reg ime Uh the internet is not stable. The moment uh you send me a message until now it it took four hours and thirty six minutes arrived to me . The speed is very slow. And um you should know the Islamic Republic, um their fear and this is not just my opinion, everybody thinks the same th ing. It's not uh um that internet would be used against them in war . They're afraid that internet uh will become a tool to help protesters to get together and create an intern al revolution. That's what they were afraid of . That's why they shut down the internet . I don't remember exactly if I told you that I have a family member. He has a bad autoimmune disorder. He was worried. We were watching um uh Iran intern ational by satellite and he told me what will come up if President Trump is going to do shutdown of electricity and um all of the infrastructures what would happen to the country and um he was worried he was worried about all the all the people as like as him that um they have um uh um bad health issues and um they need full care. I said to him our situation is like that we want to have freedom and going far away from this government this IRGC and he would be needed to pay by something this is the cost of freedom and that's a shame but i have a good feeling that this is the last Well the conversations vary. Um but everyone talks to each other with a certain caution. Meaning in a way they size each other up so they don't get challenged. Studio in Tehran. He makes all sorts of content. He worked on a candid camera show recently. Some of the work his team has done is for state TV. He's sympathetic to the regime, including the blackouts policy. The Iranian Foreign Minister, Abbas Araqchi, said the internet is shut off in Iran for security reasons while the country is under attack. That idea makes sense to Omid. At work, Omid is a manager. the twenty four or twenty five people who work under me, one or two of them are very left leaning and opposed. For example, uh, regarding the news of the martyrdom or death of Khameni , who was ultimately the leader of the country. Look, I I had my criticisms of his performance. But regardless, it's a war. And when you lose your leader in a war, ultimately you're shocked, sad and confused . But one of the guys was happy. And it was like if he wasn't embarrassed in front of me, he would have handed out sweets . Um I see the IRGC, the Army, the police force , which are operating under a more or less unified command and are serving the country, they stood, fought, were killed, were martyred, were assassinated. They could have just left, but uh thank God they stayed. The Americans should be satisfied with Venezuela and their own oil in I don't know Saudi Arabia . They should stop their wickedness . Uh regarding the internet blackout, um I was forced to use a VPN, but the point is that we're in a war and I think being connected could have perhaps caused more damage . Thankfully we didn't have any unrest or clashes. I mean at least not that I'm aware of. Or I don't know, the those common cyber attacks hitting those um different networks like banking network, the network of I don't know, digital currency exchanges . Um most of the people around me have come to terms with the fact that right now the conditions are wartime and it's necessary, for example, to have certain limitations in control . At night in Tehran and throughout a lot of the country, regime supporters have been gathering in squares to chant in support of the Islamic Republic and wave flags. Near our office there's a street running north to south that's uphill. I mean it's quite uphill. I see a lady whose husband is in a wheelchair and she's around forty-five, maybe fifty years old , and this lady and her husband come this way every night. They go to the second square of Tehran Pars and chant . And I sometimes come to the window to smoke a cigarette and I've seen them and they go by at 830 or a quarter to nine and then they return around like ten thirty eleven . And this poor woman sometimes has a hard time on the way back alone because the man is a a bit heavy. And sometimes I've seen people go up an alley to help them get home . The fact that a group of people were so patriotic and so dedicated that every night, every night, whether it's raining, it's cold, it's hot, they get up and come to the city squares and participate in gatherings, chant and so on. That's really heartwarming and it's very fascinating. I really wish you were here to see it up close. There have been every night protests from the government supporters for almost one month. Whenever I'm out at almost nine PM, I see them. Oh my goodness, not again. She works as an English tutor online, but there's not a lot of that Of the regime. They declare that they're ready to be martyrs of Islam and the Islamic Republic. Once I even saw a few of them wearing shrouds to prove they're ready to die for their cause . When I go to bed, I think about Reza . I immediately burst into tears. Reza's the guy I've been in love with lately who turned out to be a religious fanatic. I knew he wasn't my match, but I couldn't help but to love him . Reza and I met at my dad's pharmacy . He's a pharmacist. We used to work different shifts. All I knew about him at first was through my brother, my brother's high opinion of him . I remember a winter evening that I went to the pharmacy to give my brother something. Being in my 30s, I am mature enough not to believe in love at first sight, but at the very first moment I saw him, he captured my attention . Gradually, I tried to change my work shift for two days of the week in order to meet him more. He was always well groomed and obviously picky in the way he dressed. He looked so mild-mannered, kind , always ready to help the people around him. We started texting each other. At first it was only about work, but we gradually switched to other personal issues . At first, he was so cautious because he was our employee, but little by little he stepped forward. To be honest with you, I already knew that he was a religious guy, at least more than me , but I didn't expect him to be a religious fanatic with rigid opinions about Islam and the regime. And the first time uh that I was shocked at his perspectives was during the 12-day war with Israel, around nine months ago. He believed that Iran should not reach an agreement or stop the war because doing so will make us lose our dignity. I was like, what are you talking about? Iranian people are being killed. To me, dignity was an abstract concept . People's lives was something that mattered to me. Since then, I chose not to talk about politics with him. Honestly, I knew that trying to be dismissive of politics and religion was not the solution, but unfortunately, I was deeply involved with him. A few days before the war, he left our pharmacy because he was about to establish his own. Since then, we've met a couple times. The last time we met, almost 20 days ago, he mentioned that he agreed with the idea of digital blackout for now. Because in this way the government can be in control of the enemy's propaganda against the Islamic Republic. I was like, how dare you say so? People are losing their jobs because of this blackout and you're talking about your idea of propaganda . I think this war made me far more realistic about Reza and my love for him. This war was an accelerator. It made our relationship go down hill faster . Act four. Now what ? Every time I hear President Trump declare what Iranians want, or what they should do, or what he thinks should come next, and every time he tosses off a threat, I want to know what is it like for Iranians to hear that? Are they hearing that ? Another thing the blackout has erased or stifled. For instance, what was it like for Iranians on the day that happened only a few weeks ago when President Trump posted on Truth Social about Iran , quote, a whole civilization will die tonight, never to be brought back again. I don't want that to happen, but it probably will. We got several voice memos about that day. I'm gonna play one from the doctor, Anushirvan, who treated patients during the January massacre, then Sarah in Tehran, the woman who'd been blow drying her hair in case US strikes knocked out Iranian power plants Trump had set a deadline for Iran that day to open the Strait of Hormuz. The deadline was evening in the U.S., 3.30 in the morning in Iran. Trump seriously, but he is the president of the most powerful country in the world, so there is that. Uh in Iran's time it would be around three and a half AM, if I'm not mistaken. I had charged my phone, my laptop, my portable power bank, not that they were gonna last too long anyway , and had my essentials ready to go in case of emergency or if I decided to move back to my hometown, since being so high up in my current apartment, no electricity would all also mean no water pump, not to mention I took a shower and I think it was around two AM when I decided to leave it up to fate and sleep and wake up to either the unthinkable or to a war-torn country. And yes, by unthinkable, I mean the ceasefire, as I had no idea what it would look like. Uh I woke up automatically around 5 a.m., grabbed my phone, and saw my dad's text notification that there was a ceasefire. I stared into the message a good couple minutes, stone fac ed, before going back to sleep. To have a regime change, but now it looks like we just got the shorter stick on both ends. Last night I was awake until maybe twelve thirty or so, and there's a hallway in our house that has no windows around it, no glass. So that's where we sleep at night when they bomb. We go there to take shelter, and I was trying to sleep, but I was constantly checking the internet to see what was happening, like where they're saying what, and I just had a feeling that there was gonna be a ceasefire , so I couldn't sleep, but I finally did fall asleep. And then the next morning my partner told me that there had been a ceasefire . And to be honest, my feeling when I read that news was justust very, very, very full of rage . Especially the things that I read. And I mean, I I don't I honestly don't know how much of it is propaganda and how much of it is reality, but the things I read that Iran is even earning money from the Strait of Hormos during the ceasefire, because we, the people of Iran, know that that money earned from there is not going to be spent on us. So we're just thinking that, well, we're just gonna have a richer IRGC and they're gonna commit crimes even more easily . And I'm I'm really, really afraid for the kids who are in prison, the kids who receive death sentences, because I know they're gonna be per secuted terribly, executions are gonna increase . I I think we're gonna have even more severe crackdowns. Probably any kind of social movement, if any form, which I honestly find unlikely after the January massacres, but they'll face an even greater massacre . I feel like we're the main losers of this war, the the people of Iran, because practically nothing has chang ed . One voice memo was short and to the point from Chabat, a carpenter. He's Kurdish, an ethnic minority in Iran, living in the western part of the coun People are really frustrated with Trump. Wasn't he supposed to keep the pressure on until the regime surrendered? Why is he going to negotiate now ? He was supposed to finish them off , not talk to them . One last person, Arta. He runs a tech company in Esvahan. Arta's voice memos came in last. I listened after hearing all of the others, and it helped me understand something I hadn't before about where things might be headed in Iran. Arta was deeply unsettled by people around him who were furious that President Trump did not follow through on his threats , especially a promise Trump made on social media to bomb Iran back to the stone age. You might not believe it, but the morning the ceasefire was announced, I actually called a friend and he picked up the phone saying, what is this? What a mess. Why did they just let it go? I mean, believe it or not, there is a segment of society who, in my opinion, probably lack a you know a um realistic view of what returning to the Stone Age actually entails because maybe they don't really know what it's like to live without electricity in a fifth or sixth or a tenth floor apartment. But whether it is out of intense rage or just you know pure sheer ignorance. Many people prefer that we go back to the Stone Age and have our energy infrastructure be completely wiped out as long as the Islamic regime went down with it . So there's one group completely upset and furious, but then there's the complete opposite, the diehard loyalists ready to sacrifice their lives for the Islamic Republic. The situation is true. It's extremely terrifying. And for me,, who's like you know, slightly in the middle, I completely oppose the Islamic regime. But my red lines are the destruction of my country's infrastructure and the loss of my loved ones. And aside from that, I mean if I'm being real, I'd give my own life to see the Islamic regime gone. But I do hold these two red lines. There's another red line Arta has held for a while now. He tells this story, and this is where I felt like, oh, that is a clue, not just about the blackout and what's happening now, but something the Iranian regime seems to have been building up for years now. Before the war, over a year ago, Archa was offered something he calls a white line. It's also called a white SIM card. White SIM cards are a way for Iranian officials and political leaders and regime-aligned journalists to bypass internet restrictions and access much more of the global internet than the general population ever has access to. So even when there's an internet blackout or delays, if you have a white SIM card, you can get online . Arta had a contact who said they could get him a white card , a white line. But back then, Archer refused. Many of my friends and former colleagues around me had white lines, and I knew it. But I resisted. I I felt this is an undeniable right that all Iranian people should have and I didn't I didn't want to use this special privilege. I I I I I wanted to stand alongside everyone else uh living with the same hardships and struggles and VP hands and staying on this side, the you know, the side of the ordinary people. You know what it's like? It's it's um it's like using a special privilege just to have the right to eat food while the rest of your society, your friends, your family, your siblings, can't afford to eat me at . But because of your privilege, you do . If I'm being real, I condemned a lot of my friends who use that kind of privilege. I would actually half jokingly, I would tell them, Oh, shut up, bro. You have a white line. We would actually talk amongst ourselves saying, Did you see that guy had a white line too? That guy who pretended to be so aligned with the people . And you know, I was one of the proud ones. Many of my friends told me, we thought you definitely had one, but you didn't. And I I I held my head high. Then this war and this blackout, the longest ever, and Artic got a new offer. A new service approved by the state called Internet Pro . This would be like a white line or a white SIM card, but it would cost money and it would give Arta a way to access the global internet . Arta is supporting his extended family. He had staff depending on him. They're an IT company. They couldn't work without the internet. So he did it. He signed up. This was a guy who, before the war, would not even use the domestic messaging apps in the state run intranet. He did not want to be surveilled. Now, to get Internet Pro, Arto was required to provide his national ID number, phone number, and the names and details of everyone he works with who would be using the Internet. He handed all of that in. Do I feel secure? No, not at all. Listen, I firmly believe their monitoring over me has increased significantly. I have absolutely no sense of security . Surveillance and submission are the pri ce of access. The blackout wasn't lifted when the ceasefire was declared, and it hasn't been lifted since. It now seems more and more possible that Iran will not return the internet back to the way it was before the war , ever. And instead, there's a new plan: tiered internet access. Internet as a privilege, granted by the state for people who support the state, or are at least willing and able to pay a state-sanctioned company for access? It turns the internet from a public place where anyone can show up and speak, listen, argue, spread conspira cy theories, find the best tweezers, to an internet that is more like an airport lounge, a silver elite, gold-plated platinum loyalty program. This is more and more common around the world. Governments limiting internet access and sometimes going to full blackout. The whole thing has a real coming-to-a-country near you vibe . When I first listened to these voice memos from Iran, they felt to me like a rare document of a rare time. People living their lives in this temporary moment through a war and a blackout. But I think of the voice memos differently now. I think it's possible they're documenting a massive, frightening change . That story was produced by Diane Wu . Naranga busta , Boujat anat Bu ja Gul ai Bakti mi alkadir should Nam und ar man face Our program was produced today by Diane Wu and edited by Nancy Updike. Roxana Sabari and Fatima Jamalpur collected the voice m emos for us. They're both journalists and authors. Fatima's book for the sun after long nights. You can find a link to Roxana and Fatima's excellent reporting on what happened in January in Iran at our website. The people who put together today's show include Fia Benin, Zoe Chase, Dina Chivis, Aviva de Kornfeld, Emmanuel Jochi, Cassie Howley, Valerie Kipnis, Adrian Lilly, Seth Lind, Tobin Lowe, Stowe Nelson, Molly Marcello, Catherine Raymondo, Nadia Raymond, Ryan Rummery, Alyssa Ship, Ike Sries Khanduraja, Lily Sullivan, and Christopher Swatala. Our managing editor is Sarah Abdurahman, Senior Editor David Kessenbaum, and our executive editor is Emmanuel Berry. The actors who performed the voice memos for us. Behur Behagi, Tara Grammy, Jerry Habibi, Darius Homeyun, Ava Lala Zarzada, Abraham Makani, Arian Mo'ayed, Naveed Neguban, Babak Tafti, Pej Vadat, Sheila Vand, and Selina Zahednia. Our wonderful casting director, Sabrina Hyman. Special thanks today to everyone in Iran who sent us voice memos for this story and also special thanks to Sardar Peshehi, Kave Dastore, Hossein Hafazian, Duri Buskarin, Amir Rashidi, Nargeiz Bajoli, Ahmad Ahmadian, and Mahsa Ali Mardani. Shereen Jafari, who you heard at the start of the show, is a reporter on the public radio show The World. Our website, this americanlife.org . This American Life is delivered to public radio stations by PRX, the Public Radio Exchange. Please consider supporting the show as a This American Life partner . You will get regular exclusive bonus episodes. You can listen ad-free and more. Join at this American Life.org slash life partners. I'm Hannah Jaffi Walt. We'll be back next week with more stories of this American Life. Casi gem sato Hey everybody, we have one more thing for you today. Um and that is a free sample of our newest bonus episode uh that we made for our This American Life Partners. That bonus episode starts like this . Hey everybody, Ira here. I went to a high school uh graduation last year around this time , and uh can I say chat GBT has not been good for graduation speeches. Though honestly, like most graduation speeches were pretty bad before AI . Right? Like, I don't know. That's been my experience going to graduations. Maybe it's been yours too. Though I think graduation speeches are bad for reasons that are really built in and nobody's fault. When students give them, understandably they feel like they have to say something about the experience that they just went through being in school . And unless something very unusual and dramatic happened that year in school with that particular class, those stories all kind of, you know, just sound the same. Then there's a section acknowledging and thanking teachers and parents, and there should be a section like that. Like no question. Of course, there's a section like that. But that's another section. You can kind of predict how it's going to go from the moment it begins . And then there's a section , always, about the future and the promise of the journey that we're heading out on today, taking our first steps, the grand adventure the graduates are heading out on. Which is really hard to do without falling into a lot of puffy platitudes. It's just a very difficult kind of speech to make interesting and alive and fun to hear. And when somebody does a good one, and there are some really great ones out there, it's usually somebody, you know, like Steve Jobs or Michael Lewis, people with surprising lives, telling surprising stories from their lives and having surprising thoughts that go with those stories. It's hard to do well. And when we get to graduation season , like we are entering right now in May, I don't think I'm the only person who goes to those things dreading the speeches. In twenty twelve, a guy named Sanford Unger asked me to give the graduation speech at Goucher College in Baltimore. I knew Sanford Unger. Sandy had been my boss when I was in my early twenties at M PR on a daily news show called M PR Dateline. And Sandy was the host. I was his tape cutter. It was a tiny staff. It was like I th I think it was just like three or four or five people was the entire staff for this daily show. And Sandy and I worked very closely together and I always really liked him. He was a smart guy with immense self confidence, which he wore lightly, charmingly, I thought. He'd been a foreign correspondent, he'd been a reporter for the Washington Post, he'd been the host of all things considered, all before we did Dateline. And when Dateline was canceled, he went on to a series of very fancy sounding jobs. He was the dean of the School of Communication at American University, then he was the head of Voice of America, then he was president of Goucher College, which is how this call happened. I'm from Baltimore. I have some personal connections to Goucher College. But I did not want the job of graduation speaker for all the reasons that I've already told you. It just seemed like a hard assignment . But I decided to do it. For reasons that I ended up putting into the speech and telling the audience about. I also included in the speech one very personal story about me and Goucher College that I remember I was not sure I should include in the speech, but I did and it got a response. Like it turns out it was the right move. And then I also got to tell them about the day my grandma Frieda met Adolf Hitler back in 1932 . And so I'm saying all this uh because uh with graduation season upon us, I'm gonna play the speech for And so um just to set the scene, this was a sunny day in twenty twelve, it's outdoors. The theme of the graduation that year was transcending boundaries. Uh so that was a phrase that was being repeated now and then during the day. That's the kind of day this was. Okay, here's the speech. Treasurates, parents, faculty, guests, president Unger , I'm honored to be asked be your commencement speaker. I still oppose on principle the idea of any commencement speech . I believe that it is a doomed form, coying and impossible. Commencement speakers give stock advice, which is then promptly ignored . The central mission of the commen cement speech is in itself ridiculous to inspire at a moment which needs no inspiration. Look at yourselves at this moment. Something incredible is happening to you right now . The whole world is opening to you. You guys have been in school your entire lives, and you have completed something difficult that took persistence and willfulness. Probably you questioned yourselves again and aga in and now you're off to face the world and do everything you have been dreaming. What can words add to that except delay the moment you get your diploma I oppose the form of the commencement speech and I continue to oppose it even as I do one now . And I said yes, only because of my personal connections to this school. One is your president, Sandy Unger, who I worked closely with at MPR years ago, who, as many of you know, has a special gift for convincing people to do things they do not necessarily want to do . Wish worked out great in this case because I have a special gift for saying yes to people like that . Um as as was said, another personal connection I have to Goucher is my grandma Frida, is my dad's mom, Frida Freelander, Goucher class of 31. Uh a very de fiantly proud Goucher grad are the members of Phi Beta Kappa here can I hear Phi Beta Kappa you are my grandma's sister in that organization I'm wearing her Phi Beta Kappa key Grumma Frida wore her key to any special dinner or occasion until she died and was not shy about talking about being a member of Phi Beta Kappa with anyone who would listen, which makes her seem like some wacky crank grandma old lady. But she was actually anything but she was smart and funny and and awake to the world. Um and I loved her enough that although I oppose the form of graduation speech, I am standing here in front of you because I know it would please her a great deal. My third connection to Goucher, I really was not going to talk about it all, and this week my wife and some friends insisted that you graduates would find it relevant . And that is that I lost my virginity in one of the dorms here. Not recently . I was 20. It was still in all girls school. The Goucher senior who did this was very much, she uh she made this happen. I was not the instig ator. I had some good qualities at that age, but I was um kind of immature and scared. She, however, was used to transcending boundaries. Okay, so that is obviously just the beginning of that speech. This is just a sample of the bonus episode uh that we made for our life partners. If you want to hear the whole thing and support our show, go to this americanlife.org slash life partners. That'll unlock the full bonus episode, and then you get dozens more. You can also sign up right in the Apple Podcast app .