Legacy and Modern Reading Debates

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Listen to Untold Stories, Life withith a severe autoimmune condition on the iHart Radio app Apple podcast or wherever you get your podcasts. Hey everybody, we are getting ready to go on a trip. We're not packed yet, but our brains definitely are because we have a trip to Bahamar on the horizon and it's kind of all I can think about. I'm so excited about the food. There are amazing restaurants and lounnges there that I'm going to sample everything I possibly can. I'm going to gaze into the water and mostly I am gonna watch the Daily Flamingo parade, which might be the thing I'm most excited about. There's also an incredible spa and I know Tracy's going to be takaking advantage of that. There is excited and then there is Bahamar excited. Start planning at Bahamar. com The oldld gaze are back with Silver Linings, their lovable podcast from Iheart's Ruby Studio in partnership with VV Healthcare. Robert, Mick, Bill, and Jessse strut back down memory Lane for season two, sharing lessons on life, love, and loss. These are the kind of insights that only come from experience. So tune in to Silver Linings with the oldld Gaze on the Iiheart Radio app podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts. Alienware's backack to schoolool event is the perfect time to score top gaming gear with incredible features and advanced engineering to go beyond performance. Start your Alienware journey with the Alienware fifteen gaming laptop featuring Intel core processors, game, live stream and multitask for hours on end Ppair your incredibly smooth gaming experience with immersive visuals and sound by saving on sleek alienweare monitors, headsets, and more. This limited time sale awaits you now at alienweare dot com slash deals. Welcome to Stuff You Misted in History Class, a production of IHart Radio Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V Wilson, and I'm Holly Fry. Sometime last year, some folks here at work asked if we had anything planned for the show to go along with the two hundred fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence that's being celebrated this year think it is safe to say There is not a year in which either of us would really be interested in the kind of like over the top patriotism and national pride that is usually expected. to go along with that kind of a milestone observance Um We especially were not. in the mood for that when we were asked twenty five. I did though go looking around to see if there was anything that was kind of more off the beaten path that might spark my interest and also let us say to the folks at work, yes, there will be something related on the calendar. Our recent episode on Kasimir Pulaski unrelated to that conversation. just a coincidence. Somehow in my search for something that would let us say, yes, we do have something on the calendar, I found Rebecca Smith Pollard. who also published under the name Kate Harrington Her connection to the U. S semi quinentennial is that she published a book of poems to mark the U. S. centennial in eighteen seventy six That is not much of a connection And this episode' also mostly not about that Because Rebecca Smith Pollard's major influence was not this book of poems that she published. It was creating a method for teaching children to read that was really influential in her time and still has relevance today. She also wrote a novel that was bent in part as a critical response to Harriet Beechher Stowe's anti slavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin. So we're going to be talking about that as well Rebecca Harrington Smith was born in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania on september twentieth, eighteen thirty one Her mother, Marjorie, was born in Ireland and immigrated to the US with her family when she was a child Rebecca's father, Nathaniel Ruggles Smith, was born in Massachusetts, went to Harvard, and then became a teacher mostly in private schools He liked to teach the works of Shakespeare, and he wrote his own grammar and spelling books A grammar textbook by Samuel Kirkham described Nathaniel Ruggles Smith as a quote, distinguished and acute grammarian Nathaniel also established and edited a literary journal called The Hesperus Ma was their youngest child Yeah, that literary journal was apparently one of the first, if not the first literary journals published west of the Mississippi Uh It's been a running theme on the show lately. that we don't know much about people's early lives, but we don't know much about Rebecca's early life There's even some uncertainty about her middle name. A couple of sources I found gave it as Hutchinson rather than Harrington I'm not totally sure, but I think this is because she had an older sister named Rebecca Hutchinson, who only lived for a few months and that was the year before this Rebecca was born At some point, the Smith family moved west. firstirst they moved to Ohio and then to Kentucky Apparently this move is because Marjorie was ill And they hope that the change of climate would help her It's hard to say what impact this had, but from what I was able to piece together, Marjorie Smith lived until eighteen seventy two when she died at the age of eighty four She outlived Rebecca's father, who died in eighteen fifty nine at the age of seventy five While living in Kentucky, Rebecca became a teacher and she also started publishing her writing. She published poems in the Louisville Journal under the name Kate Harrington, often with a notation of Prairie Cottage and the year the poem was written at the end In eighteen fifty four, she and another poet, Miss M. E. Wilson of Maysville, Kentucky, each wrote a poem called Moonlight Trst that was inscribed to the other These were published in the journal together with a note from the editor saying that, quote Two of our romantic young poetesses living more than a thousand miles apart covenant to meet in spirit on a particular night and talk to each other in poetry When Kate Harrington didn't submit anything to the paper for a while in eighteen fifty five Her next poem appeared with this note from the editor, quote We are heartily glad to see you back, dear Kate. You must never play Truim so long again She also published essays in other newspapers around Kentucky Sometime in the mid eighteen fifties, the family moved to Iowa. And in eighteen fifty six, Rebecca published a novel titled Emma Bartlet, or Prejudice and Fanaticism The title page said that it was by an American lady, but the copyright statement lists it as the work of R. H. Smith. In the words of a review, and the Ohio statesman, quote, The heroine, Emma Bartlett is the offspring of a young and lively German woman who is driven with her relatives by political and religious persecution from her own land to seek a home in America illustrates through a succession of thrilling scenes the character of a gentle, noble and gifted woman suffering from the evils with which a corrupt social system and an unwise and unjust prescription have surrounded her. So, as Tracy mentioned at the top of the show, this book was written at least in part as a response to Harriet Beecher Stowe's abolitionist novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin which was published in book form in eighteen fifty two and became a best seller Uncle Tom's cabin, of course, has its own very complicated legacy Among other things, it was straightforwardly anti slavery and is credited with sparking a surge in abolitionist sentiment in the US But it also depicted black people in a very heavily stereotyped way, and Uncle Tom became an insult to describe black people who were perceived as subservient or complicit in their own oppression. At least thirty novels were written in response to Uncle Tom's cabin, which are often grouped together under the umbrella of anti Tom literature At least a third of these novels were by women, and they were mostly written by writers living in the South A lot of anti Tom novels were explicitly pro slavery didid not read this entire but I did read selections from it and Emma Bartlet has kind of a broader focus than that In the words of a piece in the Weekly courier of Ottomwa, Iowa, it was, quote designed to illustrate the evils of abolitionism and no nothingism. The review from the Ohio statesman that we read from earlier described the book as exposing, quote, political and religious prejudice and fanaticism as seen in abolitionism, no notothingism, and kindred heresies Abolitionism was obviously the abolition of slavery The No notothing partarty was an anti immigrant and anti Catholic political party that flourished in the eighteen fifties Its name purportedly came from the idea that if members were asked about any nativist organizations they belong to They would say they knew nothing Smith does not seem to have been Catholic herself. Her family were Presbyterians But she was sympathetic toward Catholics and opposed to the anti Catholic prejudice that was widespread in the nineteenth century. Some of this prejudice was connected to the influx of Catholic immigrants from Ireland who were fleeing the Great famine. That started in the eighteen forties So Smith wrote this novel to expose no nothingism as evil. And she apparently thought abolitionism was just as bad book's abolitionist characters are hypocrites and they have self serving motivations There are rebuttals against abolitionist arguments scattered throughout conversations that take place among the various characters. like at one point, Someone describes the idea of people as property as shocking And the response is, quote, and yet, who first brought them into a position to be sold as such Was it not the inhabitants of that portion of the globe whose descendants are now continually crying against the sin of slavery? gracious Another conversation frames accounts of brutality being carried out on southern plantations as overblown or even fabricated basically the same kind of nonsense that stillill is in interternet comment sections today U We're not saying that depicting something in a book is the same as believing or endorsing it. Plenty of writers depict evil or prejudice or violence in their books without it being an expression of their own beliefs or tendencies This book was explicitly written for political reasons It is dedicated to the quote true upholders of the Constitution and of the firm supporters of our glorious Union The preface to the first edition said that she quote, endeavored to present some facts in fiction justust shaking my head. No. Oh, Rebecca. I didn't know any of this when I picked her. That's what makes it good. That's what makes it a good thing to discuss In the introduction to the second edition of the novel, Smith described it as demonstrating, quote two or three notions, which have of late grown to the importance of political doctrines great political and social evils. The two chief conclusions, which she thought these facts established were that a fellow creature's place of birth should not be made the test of his capabilities or intrinsic worth And that there is neither reason, religion nor justice in crushing the white man in order to liberate the blacks from a bondage in which they have been placed by circumstances which no ordinary foresight of man And no ordinary exercise of humanity could have prevented Once again, I say, o, Rebecca In this book and other writings, Smith was also deeply opposed to the idea of dissolving the Union over the issue of slavery That's one of the reasons that she framed abolitionism as a fanatical evil. She thought that the abolitionists were forcing the country toward a civil war Near the end of Emma Bartlett, a character even recites a five Stanza poem that argues stridently against disvering the Union Unfortunately, this book, which was written when she was twenty five, is the biggest example we have of Rebecca Smith Pollard's thoughts on this I looked through newspapers for other stories or essays or poems that she might have written later on. they revealed anything and how or whether her opinions might have evolved during and after the Civil War And I really did not find all that much Her eighteen seventy six book, Centennial and Other Poems does include a dirge for Horace Greeley editor of the New York Tribune and one of the founders of the Republican partarty He was deeply opposed to compromising over the issue of slavery in the lead up to the Civil War. So this poem describes Greey, who was one of the people who worked to convince Abraham Lincoln to commit to ending slavery with the Civil War as a spirit who quote so nobly endeavored to save from disunion the land of the free. So does this poem mean that she came to see slaveholders as the threat to the union rather than abolitionists I really cannot say I have theories. See you Friday. We will get to her work as an educator after a sponsor break Introducing B ofA Rewards, a new way to reward your every ambition. It all starts with a Bank of America checking account and grows from there You get cashback deals on brands you know and love, plus a credit card rewards bonus, helping you earn more rewards on things you buy every day. Join B of A Rewards today for rewards tailored to your lifestyle. What would you like the power to do? Bank of America. Open or enroll your account at bankfammerica dot com slash B of A rewards, Bank of America Corporation All rightights Reserve Living with a rare autoimmune condition can bring a lot of uncertainty, but it can also bring people together in powerful ways. Tune in for season six of Untold stories, Life with a severe autoimmune condition, a Ruby Stio production in partnership with Argenics. This season, host Martine Hackett brings you fresh stories from people living with MG and CIDP and expands the conversation to people living with other rare conditions, like myositis and IGA Through their stories, you'll learn what it's like to participate in clinical trials seeking new treatments, how connection fuels hope, and how people can support one another along the way. Because living with a rare disease isn't about getting through it, it's about moving forward together. Listen to Untold stories, life with a severe autoimmune condition on the IiHart radio app Apple Podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts Alrighty, there is excited and then there is vacation excited. and we are vacation excited right now because we have a trip planned to Baha Mar in Nassau. To be honest, I'm kind of mentally already checked in and I have a beautiful drink in my hand What I love about this is that you can do it your way. There are three luxury hotels all in one place, the Reined Rosewood, the playlfully hip SLS, or the stylish Grand Hyatt. no matter what your vibe is, if it's relaxed, if it's glam, if it's kind of somewhere in between, you're covered. and then there is everything else. This is like an embarrassment of options. There are more than forty five restaurants, bars and lounges Incredible chefs, incredible drinks. I'm going to be all over that. There is a lot of great nightlife that you can get into like the John Baptiste Jazz Club, which I am also very excited about. If you are a family going to visit, there's a fifteen acre water park and what I am also excited about shark and sea turtle encounters, bring them on and don't even get me started about the daily fllamingo parade If you're into sporty stuff, all there. There is a golf course, tennis, pickleball, anything you can think of. Tracy's going to spend a lot of time at the spa and we are going spend a lot of time enjoying ourselves. There's excited and then there is Bahamar vacation excited. Start planning your perfect getaway at bahamar. comot You're considering getting a home security system, but you want something that fits your space. Well, with ADT Blue, it's easy to customize a system that's right for you and set it up yourself. Just pick the kit and monitoring plan that makes sense for your home. Let's say you're worried about package theft. 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Just wait until you hear what hosts Robert, McBill, and Jessse have in store this time around. They stret back down memory lane, navigating life loveo, loss, and everything that shaped them along the way. And as usual, someone just might break into song. From leather bars to bathhouses, dance floors to drag brunch, nothing stays off limits. These are the kinds of insights that can only come from experience. So listen to your elders, honey, and discover the silver linings you can take with you All Sass, zero filter and decades of perspective from four friends, proving that queer joy only gets better with age on the podcast that never gets old. Listen to Silver Linings available on the iHart Radio app podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts On april sixth, eighteen fifty eight, Rebecca Harrington Smith married poet and newspaper editor Oliver I. Taylor An announcement of their marriage in the Louisville Journal described Rebecca as having, quote, achieved considerable eminence in the literary world On their wedding anniversary, a year later, they welcomed a daughter named Mary Sadly Oliver died of typhoid in eighteen sixty Two years later, Rebecca married James Pollard, who was elected to the Iowa State Senate that year James had four children from a previous marriage, and he and Rebecca had three surviving children together Adelaide, Eleanor and Joseph Addison Smith Pollard Most written mentions of Joseph refer to him by his initials J A S In eighteen seventy, Pollard published a book of poetry under the name Kate Harrington It was called In Memorium Mamie, april sixth, eighteen sixty nine It was in memory of her daughter Mary, who died on that date, which was her tenth birthday and the anniversary of Rebecca's wedding to Mary's late father This was a series of poems that were written for her daughter, but also to any other mother who had loved and lost a child. It matters little what her station proved or of what nation, race or tribe she'd be I'll place her sympathy beyond all price. I'll give her confidence and perfect trust Friendship true and strong as never dies, but lives when lips that pledge it turn to dust Pollard apparently had an ongoing correspondence with Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, who wrote to her that this collection brought tears to his eyes I found references to this in writing about Pollard, but I did not find the actual letter Pollard's book, Centennial and Other Poems came out in eighteen seventy six alsoso published under the name Kate Harrington This collection starts with Iowa's centennial poem, which is a patriotic poem celebrating the American Revolution Of course, Iowa was not really part of the Revolution. At the time, what is now Iowa was claimed by Spain and not Britain This poem starts out describing Iowa as a barren wild a hundred years before, home only to indigenous people who she refers to as The red man U But it goes, quote, We share the nation's glory too by holding to the world's broad view, our men of mark are genius rare scattered like sunbeams everywhere The United States centennial took place just a decade after the official end of the Civil War. So this was near the end of the Reconstruction era, and federal troops were still stationed in South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana So for some people, this was a strange and difficult time to be celebrating a national centennial. The country still seemed very divided. A lot of ways, it was becoming more divided J alludes to this, calling for quote prodigal sons to return and to be given a generous welcome, and to quote give them robes of a right royal hue. Let the rings that restore them be offered by victors who honor the blue The poem ends, quote, We ask you to pledge them, true hearted. a covenant promise anew Remembering, among patriots departed no line parts the gray from the blue Centennial and other poems also includes poems to and about members of Pollard's family, including her late daughter. A memorial to William G. Bllknap, son of Grant's Secretary of War William Worth Bllknap temperance poem, some nature poems and some poems that were written by her late father In addition to writing poetry, Pollard continued to work as a teacher, mainly at schools for girls, including in Kyokk, Iowa That's the school that she ran from eighteen seventy five to eighteen seventy seven Iteems like she and her husband, James were separated by eighteen seventy seven, so especially after that, her teaching and her writing would have been really necessary to support herself and her children James died in nineteen oh two It seems like Pollard was ahead of her time as a teacher. eightteeenth century schools often involved a lot of learning by rote and strict discipline But she taught hands on history lessons with her students dressing up and reenacting battles She cut up apples to help students learn about fractions, and she had a classroom garden outside of the school Part of the lesson involved pulling up some of the plants at different stages of their development to see how they grew In eighteen eighty seven, Pollard was awarded a patent under the name RS. Pollard This was for an educational appliance. and here's how the patent described this invention, quote two or more plates connected together and shifting upon or within each other, and having upon their faces series of characters which upon a proper shifting of the plates form and convey to the eye and mind different impressions, meanings, and objects which singly or improperly grouped, they do not indicate whereby, the mind of a student is trained by the constructive and synthetic methods in the formation of objects, characters, and the language. In one of the accompanying illustrations, one of the plates is a ring with a series of letters written on it, like S R P and M The other plate is in the middle and it has the letters A through T. So by turning that outer ring, you can see how these letters combine to form words sad Rat, Pat, and Matt Another illustration shows this setup being used for arithmetic. These devices would be made from blackboard or something else that could be erased so that a teacher could prepare the board to go along with whatever the day's lessons were Pollard had started teaching back when she was living with her parents in Kentucky. So at this point, she had at least two decades of experience as a teacher. She also had her father's example as a teacher And she had decided that teaching children phonics was critical to their learning to read. This was right in the middle of a centuries long debate in the United States about how best to teach children to read The idea of teaching children through phonics Ver basically meaning the relationship between letters and the sounds that they make goes back to at least the sixteenth century. When the first formal school started to be established in North America, children were typically taught the alphabet and the sounds made by each letter Students put that into practice by reading the Bible or historic or political texts, since there were no textbooks made specifically for children until the seventeenth century I will just say I did not look into the history of reading education outside of the United States at all for this episode. So we are not going to be talking about that Some of the earliest reading and spelling textbooks in North America were phonics based Those included Noah Websters, the Americans spelling book Also called the Blue backack spepeller, which came out in seventeen eighty three. He also released a grammar in seventeen eighty four and a reader in seventeen eighty five We talked about Webster and his influence more in our two parter on the dictionary wars. which came out in June of twenty twenty three In the mid eighteen hundreds, school started moving away from phonics in favor of a method that focused on learning whole words, or the look say method The advocate of this was Thomas Hopkins Galalludette, founder of the First American School for the Deaf and namesake of Galadet University In his book, The Mother's Primer to Teach her Child its letters, he wrote, quote, In the common modes, what could be more uninteresting than to commence with teaching a child to call certain arbitrary marks or letters which in themselves have no meaning by certain arbitrary sounds or names of the letters, which also have no meaning. unintelligible and irksome task it must be So Galadet's method paired words with pictures, like a picture of a cat along with the word cat so that the student could learn that whole word rather than its component letters This method probably made a lot of sense to Galludet because of his work with deaf and hard of hearing students who either couldn't hear the sounds that were made by different letters and letter combinations or couldn't hear them very well did not provide a way for students to decode written words that they didn't already know, other than to try to work it out from context or maybe from illustrations that might be on the page The First books designed for this method also only went up to the third grade, and by necessity, they were focused on words for concrete objects and concepts that can be illustrated. Consequently, their vocabulary was kind of limited The mother's primer was written for the parents of hearing students, and starting in the eighteen forties, Dalliionette's method was popularized outside of schools for the Deaf in part by educational reformer Horace Mann Man advocated teaching children to read by focusing on whole words, and only after that to focus on the alphabet and spelling. This whole word model was fiercely debated among educators, but in the later part of the nineteenth century, it gradually became more widely used than phonics based instruction in the United States So that brings us back to Rebecca Smith Pollard. in the late eighteen eighties, so about forty years after Horace Mann started popularizing the lookA method created a whole system for teaching reading, including a reader, a speller, and a teacher's manual, and it was based on phonics. She will talk more about Sonsor break Living with a rare autoimmune condition can bring a lot of uncertainty, but it can also bring people together in powerful ways. Tune in for season six of Untold Stories, Life with a severe autoimmune condition, a Ruby Stio production in partnership with Argenics. This season, host Martine Hackett brings you fresh stories from people living with MG and CIDP and expands the conversation to people living with other rare conditions like myositis and IGAM Through their stories, you'll learn what it's like to participate in clinical trials seeking new treatments, how connection fuels hope, and how people can support one another along the way. Because living with a rare disease isn't about getting through it, it's about moving forward together. Listen to Untold stories, life with a severe autoimmune condition on the IiHart radio app Apple Podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts Alrighty, there is excited and then there is vacation excited. and we are vacation excited right now because we have a trip planned to Baha Mar in Nassau. To be honest, I'm kind of mentally already checked in and I have a beautiful drink in my hand What I love about this is that you can do it your way. There are three luxury hotels all in one place, the Reined Rosewood, the playlfully hip SLS, or the stylish Grand Hyatt. no matter what your vibe is, if it's relaxed, if it's glam, if it's kind of somewhere in between, you're covered. and then there is everything else. This is like an embarrassment of options. There are more than forty five restaurants, bars and lounges Incredible chefs, incredible drinks. I'm going to be all over that. There is a lot of great nightlife that you can get into like the John Baptiste Jazz Club, which I am also very excited about. If you are a family going to visit, there's a fifteen acre water park and what I am also excited about shark and sea turtle encounters, bring them on and don't even get me started about the daily fllamingo parade If you're into sporty stuff, all there. There is a golf course, tennis, pickleball, anything you can think of. Tracy's gonna spend a lot of time at the spa and we are gonna spend a lot of time enjoying ourselves. There's excited and then there is Baha Mar vacation excited. Start planning your perfect getaway at bahamar d. com Guess who's back in the house The O gays return for season two of Silver Linings, their hit podcast from IiHarts Ruby Studio in partnership with VV Healthcare. Just wait until you hear what hosts Robert, McBill, and Jessse have in store this time around. They strut back down memory lane, navigating life loveove, loss, and everything that shaped them along the way. And as usual, someone just might break into song. From leather bars to bathhouses, dance floors to drag brunch, nothing stays off limits. These are the kinds of insights that can only come from experience. So listen to your elders, honey, and discover the silver linings you can take with you All S, zero filter, and decades of perspective from four friends, proving that queer joy only gets better with age on a podcast that never gets old. Listen to silver Linings available on the iHart Radio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Dude, my kid loves Marvel Spider Man now. No way. How? Lingo kids, they have Spider Man themed activities. It's completely safe, like if someone took our comics and made them perfect for a four year old. I still hang on to my old collection. Does it have Disney Moana too? My daughter is obsessed. Disney Moana, Frozen, Zootopia, It's all in there. I'm downloading this right now. Full of fun activities inspired by beloved stories from Disney and more. Lingo Kids is where littleittle ones discover more about favorite characters And maybe yours too. Everything kids love. Download it for free Snoring, gasping for air during sleep, daytime sleepiness. I'm Shiquil O'Neill and this shouldn't be anybody's experience. As a doctor about Zetbound to zipotyinee. the first SZnOI FDA approved prescription medicine for moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea in adults with obesity Trizbound is a prescription medicine used with a reduced calorie diet and increased physical activity to help adults with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea, OSA, and obesity to improve their OSA. Zbound is approved as a two point five, five, seven point five, ten, twelve point five, or fifteen milligram injection. Zbound contains trizepetide and should not be used with other trizepetide containing products or any GLP one receptor agonist medicines It is not known if ZPbound is safe and effective for use in children Don't share needles or pens or reuse needles Don't take if allergic to it, or if you or someone in your family had medary thyroid cancer, or if you've had multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type two. Tell your doctor if you get a lump or swelling in your neck. Stop step bound and call your doctor if you have severe stomach pain or a serious allergic reaction. Severe side effects may include inflamed pancreas or gallbladder problems. Tell your doctor if you experience vision changes before scheduled procedures with anesthesia If you're nursing, pregnant, plan to be or taking birth control pills, taking Zbound with a sulfonyl urea or insulin may cause low blood sugar Side effects include nausea, diarrhea and vomiting, which can cause dehydration and worsen kidney problems Talk to your doctor. call one eight hundred five four five five nine seven nine or visit zbound. liily. com In eighteen eighty nine, Rebecca Smith Pollard published her first synthetic reader, synthetic speller, and a complete manual, Pollard's synthetic method of reading and spelling which was a step by step guide for teachers on how to use the other two books with their students She wrote in the preface to the manual, quote, instead of teaching the word as a whole and afterward subjecting it to phonic analysis, is it not infinitely better to take the sounds of the letters for our starting point And with those sounds lay a foundation firm and broad, upon which we can build whole families of words for instant recognition Her method included what she referred to as busywords in which children practed sounding out letters or drew ladders that were used to illustrate the progression of tones that different vowels could make or drew wheels with a sound in the center and a spoke for each word that can be made by adding a letter to that sound She described these as families. So for example, the OT, the oght family included words like Hot Rot and caught There was a lot of busywork. thoseose are just examples, but Pollard also acknowledged the need to make things fun, incorporating drawing and sketching and singing to illustrate different concepts In the preface, she wrote, quote, Why should not something be used to awaken and hold the interest of children in the drudgery of the first lessons in reading Are not splints, balls, toothpicks, clay, and sandwork used for this purpose in teaching the first principles of arithmetic and geography Every intelligent teacher knows when the developing mind of the child no longer needs these devices or helps in the last name's branches, Why should there be any question as to when the devices of this method have served their purpose Billard's method of teaching phonics involved focusing on the twenty six letters of the alphabet. and all the different sounds they can be used to represent students' textbooks were illustrated to help students remember sounds associated with different letters like RR was shown next to a growling dog. H was next to a panting dog Stories incorporated the words and sounds that were the focus of a particular lesson, and these became more advanced over time. So lesson one in Pollard's synthetic first reader focused on single syllable words that rhyme with hat, can or bag. while the first lesson in the second reader is focused on words ending in ING, as well as talk walk each piece and square These textbooks sorted the letters into vowels and consonants and then sorted the consonant sounds into subvocals or voiced consonants. and aspirates or whispers. She also describes sounds as labial, lingual, dental, guttural, and pure aspirate, depending on where in the mouth each sound was formed. After learning the letters and these sounds, students could move on to learning combinations of sounds like digraphs and trigraphs Th books also included tables of all the diacritical marks and the sounds they corresponded to By work included having students mark their textbooks with diacritical marks, corresponding to the sounds made by each letter in each word. This was controversial, both because people objected to the idea of students writing in books And because people thought this busy work was tedious Pollard later suggested having students make their marks on a piece of transparent material So the book itself remained unmarked Pollard. did not invent the idea of teaching phonics. As we said, a lot of the earliest reading textbooks for children in the United States were phonics based. until the field of teaching had moved toward a whole word approach But she was one of the first to combine spelling and reading books with a teacher's manual so that everything went together She also developed literature readers that became gradually more advanced for children to move on to after they had mastered the basics She developed all of this material over the course of about eight years with the help of her daughter, Adelaide, who had also become a teacher and also wrote hymns. Hollard's phonics based reading instruction became really influential in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Her system was used all over the country, and multiple other textbook writers took inspiration from her A review of Pollard's advanced speller appeared in the journal Education in eighteen ninety seven The reviewer wrote,Qote, This book teaches the pupil to spell, which is its great merit The need of such a book is made painfully evident by the newspapers, the books, and the business letters that one reads Bad spelling is a fault of our busy hurried American life The author of this volume has done much to correct this fault. We believe in her system It teaches its students to think as well as to write and speak correctly It teaches him to note accurately the component parts of a word to form a scientific opinion as to its proper pronunciation We would like to have our own children taught by this system, and we hope to secure the introduction of this book in the schools attended by them We commend it to all teachers